INTENSITY²
Start here => What's your crime? Basic Discussion => Topic started by: WolFish on May 22, 2016, 10:45:16 AM
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Question of a pharmacological, natural and random nature. Lestat is our own private internet.
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Oh, I love it!
When you nod off, how often do you poop yourself?
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i would be curious to know if there were meds that made that more possible. when i have a gluten exposure, i have to race for the bathroom to pee.
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also, this:
i have an upper respiratory virus for which i am taking elderflower and essiac tea. the essiac works great for upper respiratory stuff and the elderflower does too.
i have some other things i take on a regular basis - vitamin D either 5 or 10,000 IU, (prescribed by gastroenterologist as apparently i don't make it) turmeric and boron (joints), and b-complex for energy.
don't know if you know the natural stuff but i am in the process of looking up interactions for these with the essiac tea - not as concerned about the elderflower since the amount is very small, but wouldn't want to interrupt the effects of the other supplements.
am making essiac tea and py, in spite of clogged sinuses said it smelled like fermented dirty gym socks or something of the sort. it has sheep sorrel, slippery elm bark, burdock root and indian rhubarb root. i think there was some controversy about the sheep sorrel.
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OK last question for the day
if i eat camembert rind which has mold in the penicillin family (not the same as notatum, something that begins with 'c' i think), will that have the same effect as taking an antibiotic? granted it will be a small amount since camembert is expensive here. now i am wondering if that could be a third variable in the idea that french people don't get sick as often in spite of a diet high in fat and alcohol.
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P.camemberti. Sometimes also P.commune.
Not P.chrysogenum, but that species, wolfy, just for references sake, its a synonym for P.notatum.)
And its not full of penicillin group antibiotics that much is obvious to me. For I have eaten camembert. I DON'T eat it, because I despise the stuff, find the taste nasty, the texture repulsive and the stench
is like something so foul it could have emanated from the rectal leavings of a decaying fish carcass foulhooked on a fishing trip to the river Styx, after being dragged out of the water and left to putrefy in hades for a few centuries. Good god, I HATE the smell, and indeed everything else about camembert, I leave the room if my old man starts eating it)
But if it produced penicillin/s, or other beta-lactam antibiotics then just trying it would have killed or at best, temporarily incapacitated me, as I am severely allergic (varies, but last time, after accidentally ingesting a capsule of, I think it was amoxicillin; the result was my falling to the deck, unconscious, and being given CPR. So if they did contain penicillin group antibiotics
They do not produce beta-lactams, but they DO produce the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid. Small quantities and the amounts ingested through consuming that festering rancid abomination known as camembert. The strains used in cheese-making do produce cyclopiazonic acid, but you'd only ingest a few micrograms per cheese-eating, a subtoxic quantity.
Also produces, depending on the strain, roquefortines, chrysogenic acid possibly, rugolovasine and others. Probably the nastiest of which potentially present mycotoxins is penitrem-A, a tremorogenic mycotoxin, causes a staggers-type toxicosis in exposed animals (most frequent biological source is not cheese but grasses hosting intracellular fungal symbiotes known as endophytic fungi, that are obligate dwellers of the internal cell environment of the host or hosts, many grass species, ryegrasses especially, such as Bromus, Fescues [Festuca], and Lolium, which usually also contains the indolic loline alkaloids although the lolines are or relatively little toxicity to humans and other mammals being primarily insect poisons. These are often produced by endophytes of the genus Neotyphodium [Epichloe is another namy for this genus, Epichloe being the anamorphic stages of Neotyphodium] The genus is large, and produces a whole host of mycotoxins, including, interestingly, often ergot alkaloids. Seemingly they often have a particular fetish for ergovaline amongst the ergopeptides. Looked into them as a possible source of ergot alkaloids, but decided that I'd have to grow infected grasses and process those rather than culture the fungus, as I'm working on with ergot (Claviceps, the parasites of rye, other cereal grain grasses and other grass hosts depending on the species within the genus, the stuff they theorize might well be responsible for the outbreaks of witch-mania in Salem, etc. From the hallucinosis caused by similarity of those ergopeptides, although far, far more toxic than, the drug LSD, being also powerful vasoconstrictors gangrene came along with it, and the ergopeptides like ergotamine are of less psychedelic type activity. But are perfect precursors for lysergic acid itself when subjected to hydrolysis.
Looked into those endophytes, as well as the ones within many morning glory (Ipomoea) species, ololiuqui, Badoh-Negroh, another member of the convolvulaceae, ritually used by the the family so rich in ergoline-producing endophytes, which is unique amongst higher plants. But like most endophytes it seems, it is strictly and absolutely an obligate intracellular organism. The fungi produce the ergoloids, but also the things produced and quantities are influenced and partially determined by the plant species, as well as the specific strain/s of the fungal species. And they cannot be cultured with currently existing
biological technology, it just has never, ever been done, and it may not even be possible TO do so, because of the specific requirement of the endophyte for its living host cells, like Rickettsiae.
Don't worry about the traces of mycotoxins in the camembert cheese strains, your not going to ingest enough of the cheese to be able to poison yourself. Listeria would be more worrysome (there was a very largescale claw-back of camembert cheese recently, that affected french exports too, lots had to be shitcanned because it was infected with listeria. And potentially, my old man might even have been affected. Something around that time, and he had been buying and eating camembert stored in the same fridge as we store our food, and I store a few bottles of solvents, ergot fungus sclerotia samples of different strains, sickened him something nasty, and ripped through the guts of the entire family that live in this house like a .44 round cutting through a fart.
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Well, that's enough to make me think twice about eating camembert. it's not as pungent as brie which is one of the reasons i like it better. i did try the rind and it wasn't bad, but i sure as heck will keep it covered in the fridge because we have some weird stuff walking around in there sometimes. we had one that put a bloom on some strawberries within a couple of hours.
i am used to eating abominations; in high school it was a way of earning pocket money. classmates would create them and offer me money to eat them. the best money comes from catsup and bananas with something green like green beans or spinach mixed in.
i am gluten intolerant (celiac, actually) and can attest to the mind altering effects of a gluten ingestion. at worst, i stood on the sidewalk in Northampton, MA at a busy intersection ready to step out because the cars were moving in slow motion. now i stay away but i can tell when i've been exposed to small amounts because my dyslexia gets much worse.
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Eaten the odd abomination myself, although overall, drank far worse than I've eaten. None of them for other people. Usually things considered food by others, or delicacies even. Like durian fruit. I tried it. Once. And I won't again. Just opening the pack was terrible
I don't blame you. Never did like brie though. I'm a blue stilton guy through and through when it comes to cheese that stinks.
I wouldn't even think once but thats just me, i hate it. But that whatever it was, if it was from the cheese or not laid us all low, took two of my mom's carers out too. Nothing *I* had in there that isn't or was not food, would have done that. The ergot would simply poison someone, fatally quite possibly, if they ate it. My dad knows not to, he knows what ergot is, I taught him, along the years, much of what I know in terms of fungi. He took me out when I was too young to go on my own, so I could go searching for them and theres plenty he can now ID on sight, although he doesn't possess the depth and breadth if knowledge I myself do, because I am the one who taught him, he would recognize Claviceps to genus as teleomorphic species, but wouldn't an anamorphic sphacaelia. Like C.sorghi for instance although you won't find it in britain, its endemic to india. Most Claviceps spp. are specific to genus or to host species. And he wouldn't know C.paspali, it looks quite different to most ergots, pale and brain like cream sclerotia, rounded and short not like the long spurs of C.purpurea, rye ergot, C.sulcata which is similar to rye ergot but has a lateral groove running from pole end to pole end, C.fuiiformis which can be noted for its having a deficient ergoline biosynthetic gene cluster that causes it to stop at one of the clavines, it is incapable of lysergic acid production or its peptidic congeners or C.viridis, rare, orient mainly, uniquely dark green colored. And I am sure he would mistake C.microcephala for tiny little runty purpurea. I did at first.
And I wouldn't be surprised if he'd be able to ID Cordyceps but only to genus, neither of us has seen any of them wild, although I'd know C.ophioglossoides and some others, recognizing the animal host is ers, important for Cordyceps although there are some which are parasitic on other fungi, especially false truffles in the genus Elaphomyces. Others infect caterpillars mostly, sometimes ants and iircmaybe spiders. neat fuckers as long as your not a host.
It should be noted that not all 'staggers' from that genus of endophyte are the same btw not all are mind altering. Some are psychoactive in various ways, some are direct neurotoxins (cyanide-containing or cyanogenic glycoside containing plants can cause a paralysis of the hindlegs (or legs in humans) with chronic sublethal ingestion via damage to the spinal motor nerves too and these can be created by some grasses iirc, as protection, young growth being safer or the other way round to use for grazing animals on, not all DEPEND on ergovaline, many produce both it, and a load of other shit too. Its just that Epichloe/Neotyphodium as a fungal genus, when they produce ergopeptide alkaloids ergovaline seems to be the favourite. Bit Clavicipitaceous fungi are known for being maddenly complex. Transpose a strain from a grass species to another, especially outside the genus if possible and you can get some weird shit. Like festuclavine, penniclavine [Pennisetum host] molliclavine [Elymus mollis] and the odd terrible poison
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I had forgotten the fungus mushroom connection.
when you mentioned cordyceps i thought of this stuff i'd bought from shining mountain herbs that had things like cordyceps and ginseng. worked pretty well when i didn't have access to other stimulants. i still use the cordyceps as its supposed to be good for energy. i'm guessing this is the kind that grows in good places.
they also had really nice flasks that came free with the gunk and they were having a half price sale so i got things that were supposed to help with energy, focus and one called warm up that did have a bunch of herbs in it, but the primary ingredients were alcohol and water. taste terrible all of them, but some did work. not sure about the immune booster. i did get sick that winter, but i wasn't using it at the time. so now i have a lot of nice flasks and make my own gunk. i have some immune stuff that i make and some adhd stuff, and of course spiced port which is a medicinal requirement for winter. recently found a 2 oz flask but unknown what's in it. likely adhd stuff, but i haven't worked up the courage to try it.
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Mushrooms are usually connected to fungi ;)
At least until I get a hankering for a trip to the forests and a nice long hike. then they tend to get disconnected, plonked in a basket and get an alltogether new connection. To my stomach. If they are good for eating of course, or if they are full of psiloc(yb)in (or on occasion, if they aren't good eating. Not poisonous ones, I don't mean that. But I've tried a few that really were horrid.
I can often as not, tell on sight a good many of them, those that have become good 'friends' over the years so to speak, always though, check what you have, some can look fiendishly close to something awful, like for instance, Psilocybe cyanescens, one of our british psilocybin (more psilocin in them actually, in the british strain, afaik US P.cyanescens is a little different but I don't know how), got a real horror story there. Found one deadly (probably, there are species not packed full of the same amatoxins as found in the deadly Amanitas like the death cap and its nasty friends but a lot of the genus are ugly lil bastards) Galerina, species not determined further, genus was quite enough to earn it a trip down the shitter, and it looked JUST like the rest of the pounds of psilocybes I'd picked, growing right in amongst them, same patch of woodchips, hell might even have shared a wood chip I don't know. But knowing the resemblance, or possible resemblance at least, I spore print them all, slicing each little stem off with a scalpel, razorblade etc and laying it on foil alongside the cap it came off. One of them came out rust brown, rather than the violet-black of a Psilocybe species, which is enough to make people that hear that little ghoulish tale do likewise when hunting in future if they didn't already=D
(there are a few though that don't need more than a glance, that simply cannot possibly be mistaken, such as giant puffballs which very quickly outstrip almost any other fungus in sheer size, I've heard tell of them reaching upwards of a meter and a half in diameter, which quite negates the need to do anything other than get somebody to help carry it and help eat it; although the largest I've ever found was a few feet, but still, quite enough to leave an entire family stuffed to bursting, Cauliflower fungus, Sparassis, a parasite of conifers too, is quite unmistakable, being both a mass of convoluted pale yellow ribbonlike folds, looks like a disembodied brain, although nothing like the poisonous and if raw, deadly, false morels of the genus Gyromitra and WAY beyond their maximum size, a meter, for a big one is quite possible for the Sparassis species and they are told to be some of the best eating of all fungi, but I have never been so fortunate as to find one. If you do, go back next year too because the primary resting structure is underground on the trees roots, and the fruitbody can be found again in many cases, at least if some other bugger hasn't had the same idea and got there first I've always wanted to find a cauliflower fungus, its been on my table wishlist since I was little but no luck so far :( And at that size there just aren't other fungi that even closely resemble either structure, habitat and size, giant puffball is about the only thing that grows so large, for a single fruitbody but these never grow as parasites, and they never grow on wood either, buried or otherwise, smooth outside and white rather than brain-esque. So theres a handful of species that make for good eating and that anybody can trust their judgement even if they don't know their fungi well, beginners finding that sort of thing can quite safely bung them in the pot. Apparently big cauliflowers can weigh 80 pounds or more and feed a big family for a whole week, or even several families. Those two the trouble is eating them up before they go off!
Heh herbal medicines never taste good. Well most of them don't Most of them taste absolutely foul in my experience. Fly agaric is one of the few palatable ones I've come upon, although it must be prepared first, not simply picked and brewed up into tea, heat drying first is required. Lets you keep them for the year to come and until you can hunt for another supply too. The tea tastes really meaty and it SMELLS meaty. Umami that is. Brewing the tea, you better open the windows in the kitchen if you don't want the room to hum like a gigantic, weapons-grade pot noodle! or sort of. ...speaking of pot noodles...theres an idea. Just the thing. I'm famished. Couldn't eat yesterday, wasn't feeling up to it the day before either. Had a burger today and thats about it in three days, today included. Wanted weed, mostly so I could give myself the munchies and not want to spew at the smell of food. No luck though I did manage to get a number for future use, he had no stock left though when I rang him.
But having myself a nice long smoke HAS given me the munchies, and my appetite back normally speaking too. Fuck...thats been a while since I did that. Don't think I've chased the dragon in about ten years, although I can't say I found the way the guy who showed me how to do it on foil the first time was all that appetizing. fish oil or some sort of oil capsule to make it run back and forth more fluidly. Never seen that before or since. And damned if I fancy sucking burning fish fumes with my skag. Yuck!
Not to say I'm familiar with all or even most fungi, not by any stretch, not by a million miles, but I have been doing it a pretty long time, since age three, so its given me time to become familiarized with SOME of them at least so closely that I can usually spot them growing from within my visual range for their size, and have a pretty solid idea of what I'm imminently going to see when I get there, from color/profile/habitat/texture/season and also, and this does take some experience, of what other fungi, and what plants are growing nearby. Was quite tickled to look up online about a favourite of mine, peppery bolete (Chalciporus piperatus), because I'd for a long time used fly agaric as an indicator species, to tell me which birch trees to look under, in season. And I had gotten a hunch that they were either symbiotic partners (the two fungi that is) or parasitic. And I was right, peppery bolete IS a parasite, of Amanita muscaria. Was rather pleasing to have my theory confirmed:) the boletes are quite small, a cap a few inches in diameter at most, dull buff slightly orangey brown, and a stem perhaps 2 inch tall to slightly taller at most, not a large mushroom, while you can see fly agaric for a long way off, bright red with white warted cap, white everything else, and the caps can be as wide as a dinnerplate, 25 to 30cm is the upper size boundary and thats a bloody big bugger of one, but its not at all unheard of or even that uncommon to see some honking great big bastards, that stand out like a S&M paedophile convention in an orphanage, and (quite unlike one), serve as a big neon sign to me saying 'come pick these over here ---->>>>>>> \/ <---------.
Spiced port? ew ew ew ew ew ew eEWEW thats just NASTY! *shudders*
Wine of any kind, nasty but that spiced mulled wine type crap, oh god no. Fuck that. All the more for you wolfy because I don't think you could pay me enough to drink that filth.
Just took a look at the place, that you got those. Look nice. Although I question the wisdom of a health supply anything promoting the use of nickel heavy vessels. Surprises me a bit really considering what that kind of place is like and the guff they often spout, because of how prevalent allergy to nickel is. And as for their claim about being made in china. Well I take ANYTHING made in china with a pinch of salt, so to speak. Have had good deals and bad though. two hotplates went bust from there. But I did get a good digital PH meter and a digital IR thermometer. Although the PH meter needs replacing, the electrode broke. But thats my fault for trying to check the PH of something that dissolved the glass and left the plastic handle towards that end a blob of goo. Probably not something I should have dipped it in, although I can't remember what it was now. Still, both the meter and the thermometer cost me six dollars and some US cents a piece. About £3. Paid more for
the burger I bought on my way home from the city center tonight, which lasted me all of a minute or two worth of munching, so nothing much lost although I really need another PH tester, going to get a couple of spares for the next time I stupidly dip it in something that melts it, eats the glass away or fucks the ion gradient in the electrode.
Make your own ADHD stuff? dare I ask whats in it?
If you can't find stimulants though, can help you out there. Depends what your after to a degree (can't synth coke, well, it has been done, just never by me and is a long and bloody difficult process to do it via total synthesis. Says it all really that they bother to fuck about doing business with the cartels and they having their enslaved peasantry grow a plant that needs high altitudes and tropical climate and have to risk each shipment being stolen by customs swine whilst en route.
What kind of stimulants had you in mind? can do you that sort of thing, if you want. Not free, I must fund the precursors, and put a few bites of food on my table but I'm happy to negotiate a much reduced rate for you wolfy. Got the shit to ..ahem...well couldbe probably knows, from breaking bad ;) PM me if you want me to sort you out. Should be able to find a source for 3-fluorophenmetrazine too, or rather another source, since the england based ones got fucked recently. I know a guy who knows a place for 3-fluorophenmetrazine. Cleanest stimulant (dopamine reuptake inhibitor possible releaser type) I've ever tried. Other than some oddball research compounds that were really really selective DAT blockers.
Ice?
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i found a rather interesting fungus this morning in my houseplant. i was mystified until i found a piece of wood just below the surface. it looked just the sort that would grow into nice mushrooms, but i threw it out. i've grown mushrooms before.
lol about the port, i agree it's an acquired taste. i like making wassail and use the same spices in the wine. i feel about most alcohol the way you feel about port. can't stand the stuff, dunno why people would drink it unless they wanted to kill off some brain cells. at any rate i have a collection of port wines (if my mother hasn't discovered and given them away), some were old when i got them and all have been there for nine years at least. my mother's basement is a good temperature for them.
lol, i'm afraid of coke, i think it would put me in a coma. last night i had some tea because i hadn't had any in a week and passed out after only half a cup.
i use bacopa, gotu kola, gingko and ashwaghanda. the bacopa and gotu kola are the primary ingredients. i added the gingko because i saw it in so many formulations, and i added the ashwaghanda because i think there is an anxiety component to the ADHD (especially when i can't get organized). it did a great job taking the edge off.
getting stimulants here is not as hard as in the u.s.
they gave me a year's worth when i went to get an interim prescription.
still would rather find other means because i am never sure that supplies will always be available. also, stimulants slow me down and kill my creativity. however, the alternative is scary so i put up with it until i find a good solution.
i am kind of curious how the alternatives work. i know that the common ones inhibit the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine. i don't know how the herbal stuff works.
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I could try and ID it if you took a photo.
Wasn't bright yellow capped and thin stemmed by any chance was it? theres one quite common one that grows often on indoor potted plants, white stem IIRC and bright yellow somewhat bell
shaped elongated cap. Thats a member of the Lepiota genus. Inedible if thats whats growing, but I don't think it extremely toxic as some small Lepiotas are.
Just guessing from its habitat, but do tell me what it looks/looked like.
As for the plants..god thats a complex bunch.
Theres things in Bacopa monnieri, chances are thats the one your using, right?
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actually i suspended the use of the adhd stuff because it was causing problems. too much of any stimulant and i pass out.
i didn't take a picture of the fungus - it was white and very soft. in retrospect, it wasn't harming the plant. i should have let it grow.
i do intend to start using the turkey tail and the cordyceps i was using in the past. they seemed helpful.
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Did you note my cautions about those fiddleheads of yours?
Dangerous, particularly for you. Carcinogenic, some species also need cyanide leaching out, ptilaquoside is present in some species, bracken and probably male fern especially high concentrations, dangerous even to live close to large stands of the stuff I read tonight, as ptilaquoside leaches into the water table, to damage DNA, red cells, carcinogenesis, particularly mouth, throat and stomach. acutely toxic as hell, causing blindness, partial usually, particularly a blindness that is in some way sensitive to light levels, can be fatal. Thiaminases present in most ferns although these can be destabilized, being proteins, enzymes, that target and destroy vitamin B1 in the body. Can be lethal. Fiddleheads HAVE been eaten but in NO way ever should be, even prepared. Its taking your ass into your own hands, if you eat that shit. And given your health specifics, dangerous even more so for you personally cannot afford haemolysis nor carcinogen exposure.
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i don't discuss my health specifics in the public threads.
i've seen your warnings in three places now. i got your message and responded to it. i have also read the accounts of explorers starving to death while eating nardoo, etc.
this is the last i'll comment on it in these threads.
i've moved on to things like re-establishing my supplement protocol, which went to hell when i ran out of stimulants.
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Ran out? can help with that wolfy. And no worries, wasn't going into specifics, merely pointing out the way the noxious crap in fiddleheads acts, you can draw your own conclusions from that data well enough.
Fucking poor rotten unfortunate bastards, starving to death whilst having food to eat. Rough way to go, I bet it was slow as hell before it killed those explorers.
And as for do I have a use for thiaminase? as it happens, methinks I may well just do. Would be neat to try an enzymatic synthesis of chlormethiazole, for the cleavage step to replace bisulfite/metabisulfite, and save me an annoying, tedious, stinky sulfurous workup and tons of sulfur dioxide to deal with. If I could do it enzymatically it would be perfectly clean, just heat sufficiently afterwards to denature the thiaminase, and no nothing, as far as working the intermediate thiazolylethanol up is concerned.
Theres TONS of bracken round here. I'd sooner use a fern species that doesn't contain ptaquiloside though, or cyanide. The cyanide I can deal with but those illudanes are fucking heinously toxic. I'd need to make DAMN sure it didn't follow through, distil the chlormethiazole freebase, check it by TLC etc.
Intrigiungly enough, ptaquiloside shows great structural similarity with a pair of toxins from the mycological sphere, illudin-S and illudin-M, from mushrooms in the genus Omphalotus, the jac;'o'lanterns, so called for the eerie green glow of the bioluminescent gills. Although I haven't ever seen any of them in the wild, Omphalotus olearius grows here in the UK, but its very, very VERY rare, with only a handful of recorded sightings in the UK. They are primarily a genus of hotter countries, that species associates itself with olive trees mainly iirc, but theres a host tree available in the UK, oak i think, or possibly sweet chestnut.
Won't kill if eaten usually if ever, but they do make unfortunate pickers that mistake them for the edible and very tasty chanterelle, but those never have true gills, merely forked, shallow pseudogills, just ribs baring the fertile hymenium, where Omphalotus all have very decurrent true gills, and always grow on wood, which the chanterelle does not ever do., the interesting bit, is that the illudins (not illudANES on the whole, but specifically illudin-S and illudin-M were looked at as lead compounds in the search for new anticancer stuff.
Makes me wonder if the pharm companies thought to examine ptaquiloside in a high throughput screening
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i am back on stimulants, no worries there.
and the fiddleheads have gone the way of most things i want to try these days. they were canadian, the only diff i can think of, and it took three tries before the water didn't turn brown. then two boilings to get that water clean. i tasted a little bit of one and it was - green. probably why i like them, i like things that taste green. at any rate i put the in the fridge a week ago and forgot to put the top on. i will be tossing them today. usually i eat a few before that happens, but i probably was too wary of so much brown in the water.
i buy my mushrooms in the grocery store and i don't always trust them since our grocery store is of less desirable provenance.
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Well I'd trust your mushrooms a lot more than I would your (or anyone elses, or anywhere elses of any KIND elses) fiddleheads.
Although I hold things that taste green in the highest and most putrescent degree of tartarus-sharted unspeakable abomination.
Although I don't know what ptaquiloside looks like in isolated form. The green glow of the Omphalotus spp (the jackolantern mushrooms) is from, as far as I know, a luciferin-luciferase type reaction like is used by glow-worms and fireflies. But generally brown things in water....well....you know whats brown and gets dropped in water (usually), right?;) lol.
Not laughing at your fiddleheads going off mate, not laughing, and not at your misfortune. But I won't either claim that I do not believe it MISfortune at all. Sorry you spent on them and didn't get to enjoy, but
those things are BAD news. And I am as sure as I can be, that for wolfies they are worse. Not that vegetables really get much worse. Well there are cycad seeds and ODAP, but thats just...way beyond nasty as hell *shudders* poor fucking bastards*
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guess i shouldn't eat grass either?
no clue what kind it was; when i was a kid i ate anything growing in fields and away from dog walking places.
now it's limited to things like asparagus, which also tastes green. these days even the pristine fields are not so anymore.
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Probably not, no. That'd make you a sheep in wolf's clothing :P:P:P
On the whole I doubt its likely to do you any harm, but people aren't meant for digesting cellulose. Even most grass-eaters depend on microbial gut populations, extensive fermentation, or both to do it. Termites even cannot themselves digest cellulose, its only because of their gut flora that they are able to.
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Probably not, no. That'd make you a sheep in wolf's clothing :P:P:P
On the whole I doubt its likely to do you any harm, but people aren't meant for digesting cellulose. Even most grass-eaters depend on microbial gut populations, extensive fermentation, or both to do it. Termites even cannot themselves digest cellulose, its only because of their gut flora that they are able to.
so maybe i shouldn't eat?
http://foodbabe.com/2013/10/07/are-you-eating-this-substance-that-lines-food-industry-pockets/
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One of my favorite questions to ask children is, "Do you eat grass?" Most will say, "No." Then I'll ask if they eat popcorn.
In my book popcorn is a grass. And I like it very much, thank you.
Ditto for wheat, oats, etc.
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One of my favorite questions to ask children is, "Do you eat grass?" Most will say, "No." Then I'll ask if they eat popcorn.
In my book popcorn is a grass. And I like it very much, thank you.
Ditto for wheat, oats, etc.
i can eat wheatgrass but prefer to make it into juice. delicious. very green tasting. if it's too concentrated there is a licorice flavor that's not my favorite, but otherwise i get it whenever i'm someplace they press it.
i like popcorn grass very much.
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First time I've EVER heard of wheatgrass being described as pleasant that! liquorice is lovely though; I bought myself a big bagful of it
And wolves, when they are in sheep's clothing the way nature intended, generally come out wearing a string of bowels draped over their shoulders like one of those hawiian thingies (these mind you at least USUALLY being made of flowers!):D:D:D:D:D:D
QV, most kids your right, the rest, like wolfy would say something like 'gnnarrffle?...y'snorkf??'
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A Hawaiian thingy is called a lei. I think.
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A Hawaiian thingy is called a lei. I think.
Yes, and it's made from flowers, not bowels. :P
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Just as well we now know that CBC darling, now nobody needs look a fool having erroneously draped a string of bowels round our necks instead of flowers:P
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Just as well we now know that CBC darling, now nobody needs look a fool having erroneously draped a string of bowels round our necks instead of flowers:P
I once knew a little old lady who spelled "bowl" as "bowel." Awww! :prude:
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I've noticed that since my memory and related issues became severe, I've started constantly catching myself using the wrong spelling for words where two meanings and spellings but similar or identical pronunciations, and Switching homophones. E.g 'bowl' and 'bole' or 'time' and 'thyme' although for some reason it doesn't affect abbreviations much, either with words or other abbreviations, such as I'd be unlikely to switch 'STAB' and 'TBAB' (sodium triacetoxyborohydride) for example.
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Added to list of pet hates:
A mixture bumping badly that boiling stones have no effect on, due to being solid-solid and only a few ml of water to facilitate the rxn,
Ammonia generator yesterday decided to start belching not only ammoniacal fumes of the nastiest description but also a foaming slurry of caustic soda and ammonium sulfate, kept backing down into the generator flask, whenever pressure was eased off but annoyingly, barfing again the moment the temporarily McGuyverized vacuum takeoff head-claisen adapter combination was reconnected. And believe you me, DISconnecting the damnable thing was horrid, because that meant standing there while it spewed NH3(g) into the air.
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Seen some reasonably priced elemental tellurium on ebay.
BUT its in fine (200mesh) dust form. I want natural crystalline tellurium 'metal', of flawless gemstone quality. Because its for me, perhaps, along with selenium metal in some forms, one of the most beautiful of all elements, along with big rocks of iodine, that look metallic of their own accord.
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I've noticed that since my memory and related issues became severe, I've started constantly catching myself using the wrong spelling for words where two meanings and spellings but similar or identical pronunciations, and Switching homophones. E.g 'bowl' and 'bole' or 'time' and 'thyme' although for some reason it doesn't affect abbreviations much, either with words or other abbreviations, such as I'd be unlikely to switch 'STAB' and 'TBAB' (sodium triacetoxyborohydride) for example.
What is the cause of your memory loss? I would love for my memory to be better. I don't know if my ADHD is to blame or something else. But I'm having a rough time at college because of it.
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I've noticed that since my memory and related issues became severe, I've started constantly catching myself using the wrong spelling for words where two meanings and spellings but similar or identical pronunciations, and Switching homophones. E.g 'bowl' and 'bole' or 'time' and 'thyme' although for some reason it doesn't affect abbreviations much, either with words or other abbreviations, such as I'd be unlikely to switch 'STAB' and 'TBAB' (sodium triacetoxyborohydride) for example.
What is the cause of your memory loss? I would love for my memory to be better. I don't know if my ADHD is to blame or something else. But I'm having a rough time at college because of it.
mine gets worse with stressors like starting classes or illness.
i wish lestat were into nutritional supplements. i don't have time to do the kind of research i used to do. fish oil might help, as well as ashwaghanda or holy basil. both reduce stress and when i take them stimulants work better.
do you have accommodations? i am afraid to ask for them because i am taking classes where i teach and i could see this woman who seriously doesn't like me getting hold of the information and using it against me. that happened in the bad job i had years ago.
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We do not know, Ren m'ilady, not for certain 'we' being myself, my doctor (my regular, most longterm GP, who I have been under the care of for years)
Thing is there are multiple suspects, of which I do have certain ones viewed by myself in a much higher level of certainty than others, but there have been things happened to me that could have done things.
There has been a head (and rest of me) injury, after I, ahem....dropped off a bridge. I suddenly, in an area I wasn't terribly familiar with at the time, got chased by some thugs. Was not terribly far from this small bar, and then heard 'WOT WOT WOT NIGGER!', had my back turned, and being both white and of a pretty much ghosty paie white at that, I naturally assumed that given the shoutings content it was not, being aimed at ME of all people.
It was. And by the time I turned round, the fucking drunken hooligans, thugs, general pikey verminwhores and complete and utter faggotarded cretinous scrotumsucking inbred fucking trash. The kind of filth that needs to be nailed to a brick wall, covered in boiling oil and set on fire. There were 5-6-7 of them or thereabouts. I had no chance whatsoever in a fair fight, and I did not put all that much trust in an unfair one. It was on a main road, so I could draw neither knife nor revolver nor light-to-medium gauss. After all I could not very well start spitting bullets on a well-travelled road. And damned if I trusted in being able to take that many down even if they were sloshed, and couldn't rely on their being very intoxicated and thusly unable to fight well. Too much uncertainty, so I ran for it. Which I'd sooner do than get into a bloodbath any day. I'd rather avoid confrontation than start or have to end one, IF I possess the ability in any given set of circumstances to do so, I will avoid the fight. If I am going to be hurt in any event and cannot get away, or am with someone I care for and they are in trouble I WILL fight and I will not back down. BUT I would sooner avoid it being necessary in the first place. I won't take shit, but I don't give it out without good reason either. I just won't be treated like dirt or assaulted, and I will NEVER run whilst another who cannot defend themselves successfully if they are in the shit, is vulnerable. I'm not cowardly like that. But in this case it was me, myself and I. So I legged it, sprinted down the road and came to a fence. Or what I thought was one. Vaulted over it, only to find that in fact it was no fence but covering the side of a railway bridge. LONG drop, must have been EASILY 40 feet, maybe more. To this day I do not know how in the name'o'fuckety mc fucking fuckweasel I avoided snapping my neck, breaking my back or ending up with two broken legs. Hit the bottom, rolled and bounced down an embankment full of rocks, into a bunch of briars and thorn bushes and nettles. Then smacked into the railway tracks.
Coming down but not having hit the deck yet, I honestly thought I was going to die that day. Or at least break more bones than I care even to think about. Instead I ended up having to wriggle into (owch!) and crouch down in those thorns whilst those fucking pricks hunted for me, hooting and bellowing abuse etc. They stayed in the area for a long time, and seemed quite determined to find me, root me out of my uncomfortable little hidey hole. Lucky for me I guess that I was dressed from head to toe in camo gear and combat boots. No, not wearing camo paint, but dressed in camo pants and wearing a long coat thats ex army uniform, a guy who used to be in special forces but later took work as care staff in the asperger's (rather than my Kanner's one) school, he gave me his old coat, and his former beret too. Still have both. That coat is windproof, waterproof and in jungle-temperate color DPM. And it was late at night, all being dark, so I think even now, that it probably helped keep me in one piece, with regard not to the long drop and bone-jarring crunch at the bottom, helped keep me unseen, hunkered down in the blackberry thicket. And being somewhat tougher than most material, of a very dense and tight weave. A little noisy when moving against itself yes, but I kept myself pressed to the ground, hid for the time those fucking mindless gobshites kept on at me then somehow managed to claw my way back out of the thorns and briars and nettles, aching like you wouldn't believe.
Had been (over)using G at the time, not being anywhere near as old and experienced as I now am (actually I don't touch it at all now), I was young, naive and carefree, careLESS in some senses, got myself in a bit of a bind with it, and being short acting and unable to return home and redose, trying to taper myself off it, went into full blown withdrawal, which didn't help, MOST painful and horribly unpleasant. Called for an ambulance, after managing to get back up the steep sloping embankment, largely by clawing myself up, dragging myself using trees. And aching like you wouldn't bloody believe possible. I'd smacked my head around pretty good. Well good in the sense of 'thoroughly sodding well'
Had to stay overnight in hospital, blood pressure had gone through the roof and seizures, as well as feeling like I'd been tied in a knot, and hit repeatedly with a golf club with a bag of bricks tied to the end. Or deprived of the chance ever to see the sight of my stalker 'Heretic''s face again (which would be torture in and of itself, never again to see her nor hear her voice, for I love her like you just wouldn't believe possible for one person to adore another. She means more to me than life itself. The most beautiful, the most loveliest, sweetest lady...literally beauty incarnate. I've only ever felt like I do about her, about two other people I've ever known. A girl named kassiane (who doesn't know that I love her, real cutie this lass, and smart, and clever, with a good soul, an all round good egg, thoughtful, kind to the deserving, and possessed of a wonderfully acidic, acerbic, hilariously twisted sense of humor, I feel pretty bad, because I lost my email address when I for a long time, was unable to get online at all and need to get in contact with her, as I said I'd help this lady with something. And whilst she doesn't know it, I actually miss her terribly, and..well...in the time I've known her, I fell for her, fell in love with her, every time I think about her funny, dark, acerbic and dead-on-target razortongued sense of humor, of her purtyful eyes, even of the wonderful eulogy she did for a murdered little autistic girl named Katie McCarron, that warms my heart, for she put heart and soul into it and the result was beautiful in the way that it honoured little Katie; and to boot, that acid-tongued aspect of Kassi, of hers, she put it to truly excellent use in slicing to shreds the murdering BITCH that hurt Katie McCarron, who tragically died because of the video-nasty and utter, irredeemable abomination titled 'autism every day', was released by those filth autism squeaks, because her 'mother' believed in it and them and thence acted upon it, murdering her own daughter, who by any
accounts was not some suffering, broken little wreck, not less than human and never for a fraction of an attosecond deserving of what was done to her.
Even though for a long time the blog kassiane used to have, titled ''Rettdevil's rants'', she had to take it down, but to this day I remember the heartfelt eulogy to honor little Katie. And, not just that, but the effort she put into writing it. A woman who daeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 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^Oops, fall asleep on your keyboard?
I looked up interactions between medications I take and it seems dexamphetamine may be blocked by haloperidol and possibly lithium too. Wish my psych had noticed this!
WolFish, I may try fish oil. I hope to find one that doesn't taste fishy, heh.
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^Oops, fall asleep on your keyboard?
I looked up interactions between medications I take and it seems dexamphetamine may be blocked by haloperidol and possibly lithium too. Wish my psych had noticed this!
WolFish, I may try fish oil. I hope to find one that doesn't taste fishy, heh.
Over here you can buy fish oil in flavorless capsules. I'll bet you can too. :)
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I am a regular at the chemist down the road, I shall ask them what they recommend.
Kayleigh used to have a huge jar of fish oil and I tried those. They were fine... until I burped. Ew.
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Something like that, Ren. Something like that....
If you can, Ren, and you go for trying fish oil, I'd aim for one of the species lower down the food-chain. Avoid apex predator species, as these are the fish that have the highest quantity of organomercury derivatives, chiefly the uber-noxious methyl- and dimethylmercury. Aside from some toxins produced by pathogenic organisms (for example botulinum toxins, the tripartite toxin-complex produced by Bacillus anthracis, tetanus toxin, shigatoxin and the like) and a very few inorganic chemical nasties (E.g nickel carbonyl, phosgene, and a few of the really extreme carcinogens, plus highly active radioisotopes if internally intaken) there aren't all THAT many things quite so nasty as some of those small-molecule organomercurials.
They tend to undergo a process of biomagnification, whereby fish and other marine organisms containing small quantities get eaten by the next species up the foodchain, thereby accumulating more of them in the species up one step, assuming the Hg source is not just a chance addition to it's dinnerplate rather than a major dietary item, over a lifetime, the species one step up from the initial source eats a lot of whatever that initial source is, and accumulates its Hg content, as do fellows of the species. Which of course, is going to be food for something bigger. And the something bigger, whatever it may be, does much the same. As does the next bigger bully in the playground, and so on and so on, concentrating Hg with every step up the foodchain until one reaches the very top-apex predators such as shark, marlin, tuna (the larger kinds especially, and the largest specimens of the larger species the most for tuna, as with other fish), swordfish, all the big, fast, powerful predators at the very top of the ladder. These should only be eaten as a treat really, because they have the highest concentrations of mercury amongst those marine critters we eat.
Eaten as a treat because they taste fucking good, that is, not because they are full of Hg. Didn't we get our RDA of vitamin Hg in all those juicy autism-causing MMR jabs:autism: haha.
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Oooohh.....goody. one of my reagent orders arrived today in the mail.
Could tell what it was (SOCl2) straight away, because of the hellaceous, satanic stench of sulfur dioxide that was emanating from the box, and when it was opened, it was like Old Scratch himself had farted in a jar and mailed it, as even though the bottle is tightly capped and then covered in a considerable number of layers of tightly-wrapped, thick synthetic rubber tape its still off-gassing enough to smell the SO2 and HCl that are produced as its released fumes hydrolyse in the air. I can smell the stuff while it sits on the lounge coffee table.
Thionyl chloride (SOCl2) is a volatile liquid, often confused with another oxychloride of sulfur, SO2Cl2, sulfuryl chloride, although the properties are somewhat different. They both hydrolyse giving off lots of nasty sulfurous fumes and hydrogen chloride gas, in moist air and can react violently with water, where they hydrolyse quickly, certainly SOCl2, not so sure how quick SO2Cl2 does in water, I've not worked with it.
Uses (of thionyl chloride) include chlorinations, particularly of alcohols, of amines, and of phenols, as well as another rather nifty use, for dehydrating inorganic metal chloride salts, that one cannot do so using heat due to decomposition. The salt to be dehydrated (for instance AlCl3, or ferric chloride for another example in their hydrated forms) can be refluxed with SOCl2, either neat or in anhydrous solvent, preferably chloroform or dichloromethane (methylene chloride, carbon tet could be used also but I would consider that way, way too precious and scarce a resource to ever waste upon so trivial a purpose to even consider using CCl4 for, because these days due to its toxicity its more or less judged anathema in most commercial and research labs, so its very, very difficult to obtain for most citizen chemists, unless they make their own. I might be able to buy it from one of my suppliers, but only one. I'm currently attempting to persuade someone to sell me some who should be able to obtain some for themselves, because they are pretty much only starting out in chemistry, and there are almost no uses for it as a solvent that they could not use chloroform for, or dichlor, or maybe tetra. There ARE uses for it, as a reagent rather than solvent though that I have been wanting for a long time to obtain some carbon tet to employ it in. So I am hoping to persuade him to sell me the entire liter he could if I am lucky obtain. I'll give him fair price or fair reagents in trade for it though and not leave him under any false impressions either about its usefulness to him, purposes it could be employed for, or scarcity. My terms offered will be both honest and fair, but I DO want that liter of C-tet under any circumstances and at near any price. If I cannot obtain it from my eastern european supplier of things hard to get who requires no end-user declarations, no official accounts to be held, indeed the only things she does require are twofold. One is payment, the other is the place she is to send it. Which is exactly how I like to do business. The only questions asked, being are do I have any special requirements for packaging, shipping, customs declarations wording etc. That is, if you can find it, a service to be treasured and a contact to be cultivated and treated well.
All the more so considering the lovely prices she gets me on her products. Quite a nice seeming lady actually, has always done well by me. Unfortunately she is away at the moment on holiday, so I had to look elsewhere and pay a bit more than I'd have done otherwise for my thionyl chloride. But I wanted it this week not next week, nor the week after that. But NOW. Paid my money, got my reagents. From latvia with love, hhaha:P
I won't be opening THIS one outside of a sealed glovebox full of dried inert gas, because the stench it gives off even through the sealed, taped-up bottle is pretty foul.
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The lab-grade (red) phosphorus (unlike some citizen chemists, I do not use MBRP) arrived, I'd been eagerly anticipating that for days, tomorrow methinks, I both clean up some lead, by melting it and skimming off the layer of oxides that will when melted form a skin on the top, and heat some of the red phosphorus in an inert atmosphere (argon will fulfil this purpose nicely, I have a tank, part full, not sure how much is left as my regulator lacks a pressure gauge, so I may just buy a new tank in order to make sure that I do not run out of gas during the process) and distil it, during heating it will evaporate, turning to the pyrophoric white allotrope of phosphorus as it recondenses from the gaseous phase, and then it will be collected and added to some of the cleaned up molten lead, kept at molten temperature for at least a 19 hours. I'll need to buy some concentrated nitric acid first though, and once it arrives, dissolve the lead away after allowing it to cool.
Going to try cooling the lead very, very very slowly. I'd like to try doing it over several weeks in the hope of producing the hoped-for Hittorf's metallic/metalloid violet phosphorus, not in the form of a powder or small, shot-like crystals but one large one, as slow cooling is the usual means for successfully producing large single crystals of crystalline materials in general. I'm also going to first cast the phosphorus into a mould made from the lead in solid form, as a stick, pouring over more lead and then raising the whole thing to the melting point of Pb, so the willy pete is in the shape of the hoped for solid crystal before I make with the molten lead. That way I can, I hope, assuming all goes well, produce a nice large single crystal of violet phosphorus, to form the start of my framed element collection.
I need to get some suitable appearing hardwoods as well, to build the frame of the display case. Already have some long glass strips too for cutting to size to make the front panels of the case. Going to aim for a real well-done work of art, to be nailed up onto the wall of the lab as a display piece.
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Current project-extraction of thiamine (vitamin B1) from single-component vitamin pills, trying using boiling acetone first.
Then, cleavage of the cleaned thiamine to thiazolethanol and some pyrimidine crap. Clean the thiazolethanol and react w/ thionyl chloride and a base to suck up the formed HCl, to give chlormethiazole freebase, clean it/workup then ready for use. In my experience with it, it really is the cream of the crop, the best out of any sedative-hypnotic I have ever tried.
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Filtering something at the Buchner, to remove suspended solid reagent, which is collected on the filter paper (brown material at the top above the white disk, which is a fine sintered glass frit, that in and of itself is intended for vacuum filtration purposes, although a filter paper is placed over the top to catch as much as possible, the glass frit itself is a bit of a pain in the arse to clean, although its doable, pulling water, alcohol, other solvents etc through under vacuum (the little barb that protrudes just underneath the curved bottom of the Buchner funnel is for the attachment of a hose, connected to the vacuum line, water aspirator, or other suction pump but preferably a powerful vacuum pump to pull everything through and dry the frit off of solvent for the next step if its really really persistent fine and tough shite of the kind that seems determined to hang on come what may.
That, would be either chromic acid (a solution of chromic anhydride or dichromate in concentrated sulfuric acid (95-98% sulfuric are the common grades that would be used) which works, being a strongly oxidizing, and viciously acidic mixture, but it does leave behind residues of chromium salts, burns off anything organic pretty damn efficiently but not perfect, and the chromium crap left behinds needs a further thorough washing.
Or there is the nuclear option. Piranha acid. This is a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and fairly concentrated hydrogen peroxide, in various proportions and strengths depending on the need and the habits of the chemist. Its called piranha acid, or piranha bath, otherwise known under the name 'Caro's acid'. Piranha bath comes from the fact of its being used in acid baths for thoroughly cleansing the last tiny minute traces of crap off things, and that it voraciously attacks even inorganic carbon deposits, oxidizing them right the way to gaseous CO2.
The caveat is its unstable, should never be stored, ever; and the glass to be treated with piranha acid (peroxymonosulfuric acid) absolutely, certainly must be sure to be pre-cleaned thoroughly indeed, and stripped of everything but the last most minute traces of organics. This is for final cleansing to pristine state. Because with almost all organics, it forms extremely sensitive primary high explosive organoperoxides that can detonate with great violence, and are very, very brisant (of explosions, detonating with an extremely violent, fast-travelling shockwave compared to most explosives. Brisance/(of the event) brisant, refers to the shattering effect of the shock front when it hits something. And organoperoxides in general are very much so. Especially those formed from ether(s), ketone peroxides such as triacetonetriperoxide, and of course, you don't want something vicious as all hades vomited forth upon earth going kablooey, and even less so whilst contained in a glass vessel, and not to mention in the midst of my set of expensive glassware:P
Especially, because glass fragments show up poorly on hospital X-rays, so the shrapnel would be difficult to spot and remove. But cautiously employed, with care, it can be used safely and it DOES do a very thorough job indeed. There is nothing organic that I know of, save perhaps fluoropolymers like teflon that will survive it. Piranha indeed, stuff chews through anything that gets fed to it. Never something to be stored though, as it can decompose dangerously. It is to be made, used, neutralized and either disposed of or the much safer persulfate salts, such as sodium or potassium persulfate can be stored safely and made good use of. It isn't as if the stuff comes out dirty with whatever it previously got used to clean off the glass, because whatever that may have been, its been burnt to a few wisps of gas by the time it comes to render safe the acid bath.
I shudder to even think, though, what a spill of permonosulfuric or peroxydisulfuric acid would do to somebody, to living flesh. I imagine if the peroxide was strong enough it might even ignite tissue on contact.
(http://2.t.imgbox.com/K8UVtb3J.jpg) (http://imgbox.com/K8UVtb3J)
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A couple of the reagent storage shelves.
(http://7.t.imgbox.com/oVAdecZI.jpg) (http://imgbox.com/oVAdecZI)
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Tools of the trade:
(http://6.t.imgbox.com/cMc5S7WH.jpg) (http://imgbox.com/cMc5S7WH)
The little white vial isn't any standard equipment, rather, its a little pot of platinum dust, that is due to be dissolved in concentrated, strong acid for preparation of Pt/C (platinum on activated carbon) or maybe either platinum black, colloidal platinum or perhaps Pt oxide, that I brought down from the lab with me when I went to get the formic acid, activated charcoal and PdCl2 (palladium (II) chloride for making some palladium-based catalyst(s, possibly) for an opioid project (although these precious metal catalysts can be filtered out, washed clean of reaction products, solvents and reagents used almost in any case, and reused many, many many times before they begin to lose catalytic activity, and even then the metal itself can still be saved up until there is a substantial enough quantity of spent catalyst in the rubbish container assigned to the specific precious metal, and then using processes appropriate as per the metal in question, stripped from substrate, cleaned and recycled and made into new catalyst, or even if its truly befouled if theres enough of it it could always be sold as metal scrap for applications outside the sphere of chemistry. Hell I wouldn't even bother stripping the metal from the substrate but just sell it on as jeweller's scrap, lol. Let them pay for the substrate too.
I've been naughty plenty of times before in the past when selling on copper pipe and lead. I'd fill the pipes with cement or rocks and gravel and dirt, scrap iron, whatever is heaviest and plentiful then seal it in, or in the case of lead, melt it closed, or just hammer it closed or batter it with a brick round the folded edges then sell it as it appeared to be to scrap merchants. Not one of them ever cottoned on to my tricks, and ended up paying me many times over what it was ACTUALLY worth. Melted down, they would only find a layer of lead and instead of more lead inside, a fuckton of iron nails, slabs of iron etc or just occasionally, cast big lots of Pb round house brick with the depressions in them filled in (with rocks and gravel, with some soil to prevent any rattling if shaken, lol you don't think I'd give them any more lead than I had to, when they could be paying me for DIRT do you? :P)
Yes, I know, I know, it was a bit naughty of me, but at the time I had The Bitch living here as my lodger, and money barely sufficient to feed one, let alone feed me AND sustain the lab, had to do that and feed another hungry mouth, plus a cat. Well, various cats, given that The Bitch seemed to have a propensity for stealing kittens.
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i think my neighbor is smoking something. there is a bad smell like a burnt wax candle or plastic burning. over the weekend they masked something with incense, but today it is acrid and burning my throat. the air filter is helping a little and i opened the window. usually it's just pot smell coming up from there.
i figure of all people our resident chemist can tell me what it might me.
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You need to clean up your meth lab. It's fucking filthy. What will your mother say when the crime photos of your rigid, decomposing corpse have that filthy mess in the background?
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It ain't filthy and who said I'm running a methlab.
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Funny you got raided after posting images to a public web page. Who coulda seen that coming? :hide:
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That wasn't a public topic.
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That wasn't a public topic.
This thread right here is public.
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My mother won't say anthing.
She's dead. And no I didn't ice her. She had MS and dementia, and after going in to a home, she deliberately starved herself to death.
So fuck you MLAnus, if I ever fucking meet you, I'l make you dig your own grave, pump sulfuric acid up your arsehole, and spinefuck you with the shovel you dug your own grave with, fucking son of a diseased faggot whore.
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That wasn't a public topic.
This thread right here is public.
Removed my response. Nevermind.
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MLA is right, though. You might want to reconsider posting that sort of thing here, Lestat.
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and after going in to a home, she deliberately starved herself to death.
An understandable choice with you as one's offspring. The embarrassment must have been crippling.
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So fuck you MLAnus, if I ever fucking meet you, I'l make you dig your own grave, pump sulfuric acid up your arsehole, and spinefuck you with the shovel you dug your own grave with, fucking son of a diseased faggot whore.
You spend WAAAYY too much time thinking about fucking me. I'm WAAYY out of your league.
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No, tosser, she starved herself to death because there was nothing left OF her and nothing left TO her but to suffer and continue to exist and suffer, she had dementia and multiple sclerosis and at the end of her life she became irrational, depressed as hell, and had to be put in a care home because we physically could not care for her here at home.
Not because of me, so go shit on your walking cancer made flesh of a whoremother, drink bleach and die of HIV. Fucking faggot. I would not fuck you with your mother's festering syphilitic cock. Eat shit and die you sisterfucking inbreed piece of dogshit. You think *I* am out of your league? yes I am, because I am at least a human being,, you are less than trash, and are not so much as fit to speak my name you fucking turd.
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What are your thoughts on aripiprazole? Considering it as an alternative to haloperidol.
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No, tosser, she starved herself to death because there was nothing left OF her and nothing left TO her but to suffer and continue to exist and suffer, she had dementia and multiple sclerosis and at the end of her life she became irrational, depressed as hell, and had to be put in a care home because we physically could not care for her here at home.
Not because of me, so go shit on your walking cancer made flesh of a whoremother, drink bleach and die of HIV. Fucking faggot. I would not fuck you with your mother's festering syphilitic cock. Eat shit and die you sisterfucking inbreed piece of dogshit. You think *I* am out of your league? yes I am, because I am at least a human being,, you are less than trash, and are not so much as fit to speak my name you fucking turd.
(http://img3.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20131119161816/adventuretimewithfinnandjake/images/1/1b/Lolwut.jpg)
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What are your thoughts on aripiprazole? Considering it as an alternative to haloperidol.
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What are your thoughts on aripiprazole? Considering it as an alternative to haloperidol.
Wandering in on this thread.
For some it apparently works well. My "surrogate" daughter does well on it.
Both my girls were put on it in the same week. One of them got so nauseous she did not want to eat any more. And it stayed like that all week. No improvement. She did start eating, but the nausea was there 24/7.
The other became hyper alert. So shrink upped the dosage and upped it again, only increasing the state of hyper alertness. Kid was overwhelmed with everything. She ended up getting massive meltdown after massive meltdown. Was no fun.
Shrink said it was not a common reaction, but she had seen it before, children reacting this way. Always in girls, never in boys.
Still don't get why she upped the dosage twice, if she had seen reactions like this before. She knew I had been making emergency calls in the middle of the night, since the start of the aripiprazole.
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Thanks hyke. I appreciate you telling of experiences. Your girls sure have had it tough with meds. I don't understand why your psych doctor would raise the dose twice either. Lowering it would make sense.
I did ask the chemist near me about an antipsychotic that would not cause tiredness or weight gain. He said aripiprazole. I have been on quite a few others and they cause tiredness. Quetiapine caused a lot of weight gain. Alertness could be a good thing to a degree as I have inattentive ADHD. Hmm, I shall think some more on it. Thanks again.
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Youngest of mine used Risperidone first. That one worked the best, on a really low dosage. But the side effects were big. And over time she did get more and more tired using it.
In came the Quetiapine. That made her really, really tired. Exhausted from the moment she got out of bed. Then the Aripiprazole. Did not get her tired. But for her it did not help dampen the stimuli from outside. It only enhanced her sensitivity. Seems to be a rare effect. So who knows, it might work for you.
Now she is on CBD oil. A supplement. It almost works as well as the Risperidone did. But the only side effect for her is the unpleasant taste. And that is gone after a minute.
The supplement is said to work as a mild anti-psychotic. In the light of the experiences of my daughter, I think that may very well be true.
There are tests going on on how effective CBD is as an anti-psychotic and as a drug to help with anxiety issues. Small research, but it is happening.
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What does the CBD stand for? I haven't heard of it before, sounds interesting.
I tried risperidone and olanzapine while in hospital. They both gave me the shakes. Was awful.
I mainly need an antipsychotic to ease tics. Apparently haloperidol is the best for it. I'm on that but don't want to keep taking it if it blocks dexamphetamine. Especially when I'm going to college and need all the brain power I can get.
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CBD/Cannabidiol (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiol)
Have to pay it out of pocket, but it is worth it, in case of my daughter.
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Thanks for the link, I didn't really understand what the Australian part was about though. I saw the use of the supplement (or something very much like it) on tv with a guy that could barely talk or move. The difference it made for him was incredible. He was able to have a proper conversation and move the way he wanted to. It's definitely a supplement with many uses.
I'm glad your daughter is doing well with it. :)
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The Australian part in that Wikipedia article seemed to be about THC, something different than CBD, but chemically related. And both produced by the same plants. THC is what makes people high, when they smoke pot. THC is also suspected to function as a psychotic for people who are prone to end up in a psychosis. But in a combination with the right amount of CBD, this may not happen.
The hemp plant only produces CBD's and no THC.
There is interesting stuff to be found in this plant that has been used medically for ages. It only got out of the loop because of big pharma.
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I know that the THC part is no good for me. Makes me very paranoid and I think people are coming to get me. If I continued to have it, I probably would have ended up with psychosis.
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I know that the THC part is no good for me. Makes me very paranoid and I think people are coming to get me. If I continued to have it, I probably would have ended up with psychosis.
Bryan Cranston :heart: mentioned in an interview that smoking pot was little fun for him,
because it just made him think the cops were coming. So you're in good company. :laugh:
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I know that the THC part is no good for me. Makes me very paranoid and I think people are coming to get me. If I continued to have it, I probably would have ended up with psychosis.
The other part works somewhat in an opposite way. Here it is stuff that can be legally bought, because it does not contain the psychoactive THC. Don't know what legislation in Australia is, when it comes to CBD.
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I know that the THC part is no good for me. Makes me very paranoid and I think people are coming to get me. If I continued to have it, I probably would have ended up with psychosis.
Bryan Cranston :heart: mentioned in an interview that smoking pot was little fun for him,
because it just made him think the cops were coming. So you're in good company. :laugh:
I went through a phase where pot made me paranoid too.
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I know that the THC part is no good for me. Makes me very paranoid and I think people are coming to get me. If I continued to have it, I probably would have ended up with psychosis.
Bryan Cranston :heart: mentioned in an interview that smoking pot was little fun for him,
because it just made him think the cops were coming. So you're in good company. :laugh:
I went through a phase where pot made me paranoid too.
What changed that? Did you start buying a different kind of pot, or did you just generally relax? :orly:
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Best guess is being used to and getting along with (assuming she ever did that is), weed that is/was high in Indica genetic heritage. There are three main species in the genus Cannabis. C.sativa, C.indica and C.ruderalis.
Purestrain Sativas produce mostly THC and lesser quantities of CBD (just considering THC and CBD ratios here, there are HUNDREDS of phytocannabinoids) whilst pure Indica parentage leads to a much higher CBD to THC ratio. It of course varies according to the strain chosen to grow, the manner in which it is grown, the skill of the grower, soil (if soil is used rather than hydroponics or aeroponic methods of growing our wee babies) quality, and the lights available, plus of course, growth setup and fertilizers, trace nutrients etc.)
C.ruderalis on the other hand, originates from the russian steppes, and produces in and of itself relatively little in the way of psychoactive phytocannabinoids. Not to say its absent, just cannot compare with either of the other two species.
All three are capable of interspecific hybridization, and accordingly, crossbreeding has become quite an art amongst enthusiasts.
Where C.ruderalis shines however, is that unlike either Cannabis sativa, or C.indica, C.ruderalis autoflowers, that is to say, it does not require timing of light cycles for indoor grows. So a percentage of Ruderalis genetic material in hybrids, results, ideally in an autoflowering strain.
The growth habitat of C.sativa is tall, very tall compared to the other two, C.indica is squatter and bushier, making it better suited for outdoor grows than C.sativa if concealment is desired. C.ruderalis is the shortest of all three species within the genus Cannabis, and a crossbreed between an Indica and a Ruderalis can result in a short, stocky and strong compact bushy girl that doesn't need any attention paid to fucking around with cycling the right amount of the right kinds of light at the correct time. Just hit it with what you can throw at it, and it will flower.
(I say 'girl' because its the female that produces the goods, males plants are good only either for breeding stock, or if in bulk, for chemical extraction and processing for what THC/CBD/CBV content there is. The good stuff is to be found most of all in the female flowering tops, and the highest quality skunk, aka 'sensimilla' meaning 'without seeds', is to be harvested from females which have never been pollinated. So unless breeding, its best practice to identify and destroy male plants before chance for pollination has occurred via examination of the flowers under a microscope, or hand lens/magnifying glass. Either toss them out with any other males into an extraction, or weed them out (see what I did there:autism:) and kill them unless they are to be incorporated into a hybridization program.
Otherwise, they aren't much good to anyone. Although they could of course always be say, kept elsewhere in an outbuilding, and the (grower's) body carefully sterilized after exiting same, in order to glean every last scrap of THC/THV and CBD goodies that can be obtained.
Its indica weed or if not purestrain indicas, that are usually used for making hash, sativas tend to be speedy, more hallucinogenic and trippy, far out, zingy stuff, sometimes anxiogenic in excess (think pulling a whitey. Sativas are better at making that happen than indicas) whilst indica smokes tend to be really strongly muscle-relaxant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory, and give rise to what is commonly and fondly known as 'couch-lock' weed. So called, because it'll lock you to your couch, lazily sprawled out and for the life of you cannae' be fucked moving, kind of stuff. Dreamy and hypnotic rather than zingy and trippy, about sums up indica vs sativa.
Of course, hybrids vary massively, depending on parentage and contribution of their parents and further ancestors down the 'blood'line. Never tried smoking a purestrain Ruderalis, but can testify to the excellent breeding qualities of the hybrids, grown properly, with the right ancestry (the plant, not the grower:P) a strong indica with potential, with just a bit of Ruderalis genetics mixed in, a couple of feet in height, but bushy and compact with giant, rich and flavorsome colas can be had. Have even....ahem....observed the growth of....a mostly indica, with a wee bit of sativa and some ruderalis hybrid that even considering the Sativa genetic material present, stayed at about perhaps 1.25-1.35-1.4 feet tall, but fat and bushy and oh so delectably scented.
No fancy light schedules, no timer switch wiring was needed, just a growth chamber connected to an activated charcoal scrubber to filter out (regrettably, and of course, sadly, mandatorily for practical reasons) that delicious sweet-spicy fragrance before it exits and diffuses into the atmosphere of the growth building, fans to push air into same and replace old, oxygenated air with fresh CO2-laden air.
I've often wondered how it would enhance, if one were to take a few batches of identical plants, using tissue cloning in vitro from the same female plant, so as to eliminate utterly any variation caused by the plant, and keep alll other variables identical, lights, light schedule if required, temperature, water quantity and schedule of administration, fertilizer type, quantity, dilution and timing etc. and vary only the quantity of CO2 in the air. Enriching it with a canister of CO2 (these are available cheaply for welding, from such stores. They do not cost much, IIRC, less than the £11-12ish I pay for my argon tanks for when I need an inert atmosphere) and do a comparative study upon say, 8-10 batches of say, 6 plants each, with identical conditions, and afterwards, extraction of identical weight of rapidly chemically dessicated herb, kept cold, to avoid as much evaporation of the terpenes that give the goodies their delicious scents and flavours, by say, storage over anhydrous calcium chloride in a dessicator, kept in a coolant bath. When totally dry to take H2O content out of the equation and simplify calculations (I suck at those and I hate doing them too. Dyscalculia blows theresa may manure. then do a careful exhaustive extraction via soxhlet using liquid butane or a mixture of butane and dimethyl ether then compare the yield and percentages of otherwise identical plant clones, grown in exactly the same conditions, with various different levels of CO2 addition (and even subtraction) to determine the absolute optimum concentration range. Of course, that would be the first experiment. It would of course require repetition with clones from other plants, other hybrids and gene-stock, to determine the statistical mode of yield regardless of parentage, and thus optimum concentration of additional CO2 to be introduced to the inlet by which fresh air enters the growth chambers.
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I'm just about to try an experiment, well two, although I know one can succeed having done it before. First-transmuting the red allotrope of phosphorus into white phosphorus, collecting the white phosphorus under water, cleaning it up with a chromic acid/sulfuric bath, melting it under that, then removing the acid and giving it a thorough wash with degassed, argon-sparged H2O.
Then , I'm preparing a couple of refractory crucibles, and will first put in a lower layer of lead, melt it, add to one, white phosphorus and to the other, red phosphorus, cover with more lead and keep molten for 24 hours. The intended result, once the lead is dissolved away, I'll try concentrated hydrochloric/hydrogen peroxide, phosphoric acid/peroxide and if those don't work to dissolve the lead, I'll order some fuming nitric acid, which will certainly do the job. And leave me some lead nitrate as a byproduct.
The intended result, is an allotrope of phosphorus called violet, or Hittorf's phosphorus, similar to black phosphorus in that its not pyrophoric, not toxic, fairly unreactive and afaik not flammable.
I want to see if it truly is metallic, and also, heat some white phosphorus in a vacuum-sealed vessel and try to sublime what may be another form of violet P.
Also, whilst I need to get some potassium or sodium bromide, in order to liberate the bromine, and get some carbon disulfide and a powerful UV lamp, dissolve white P in CS2, and red P in phosphorus tribromide, again under intense UV, distill off the PBr3 (keeping it of course, it being a most valuable and useful reagent) to precipitate what may be either extremely finely divided red phosphorus or a distinct allotrope or polymorph. Not sure which. But its known as scarlet, or Schlenk's phosphorus.
Got plenty RP to experiment with. Now time to make with the molten lead and the crucibles :) should be fun. Got to distill some red phosphorus first, to prepare white P, so I can try both, each in its own little molten lead bath and see what comes out at the end. hopefully violet phosphorus. I'd love to make some really big long crystals of it for the start point of a framed element collection, which I'm going to build myself of course, to hang upon the lab wall. First start, is I'm going to chase down as many of the storable allotropes of phosphorus as I can produce, from red and white P. Black phosphorus and phosphorene (monolayers of phosphorus atoms, similar to graphene, germanene, etc. which should be interesting for electrical possibilities, semiconductivity perhaps. Black P is very difficult to produce though. But as for its nature, its similar to graphite, forming layers, and its electrically conductive, like graphite. I'm curious to see if, like graphite, the conductivity is isotropic or anisotropic. Plus there are two at least, perhaps three different crystalline polymorphs of black P. Its very unreactive chemically, its nonflammable, nontoxic, an electrical conductor, and whilst not useful as such chemically, it may well be electrically, with various applications in nanotech as thin films. Still, its got to be hunted down and stuck in a sealed vial for display. Just decided to choose phosphorus first, because of the great many allotropic forms it has. That, sulfur and carbon, as well as boron and selenium are the ones I'm going for first. As well of course as the elements that don't form different allotropic forms but which I already have in the lab, samples can be taken for the display. Going to try and make it a real work of art, a periodic table element collection display. Not sure what to use for the background, perhaps different colours, but polished ebony and rosewood appeal to me, as well of course as glass windows to seal in the vials of the elements. Something I've wanted to do for ages, and decided finally to get to it. Or perhaps I could have the actual display case 3D printed in something like carbon fiber so its lightweight. Although doing the woodwork appeals more, and I don't like the texture of 3D printed carbon, its slightly rough and ewww sensory nastiness ew.
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I'm just about to try an experiment, well two, although I know one can succeed having done it before. First-transmuting the red allotrope of phosphorus into white phosphorus, collecting the white phosphorus under water, cleaning it up with a chromic acid/sulfuric bath, melting it under that, then removing the acid and giving it a thorough wash with degassed, argon-sparged H2O.
Then , I'm preparing a couple of refractory crucibles, and will first put in a lower layer of lead, melt it, add to one, white phosphorus and to the other, red phosphorus, cover with more lead and keep molten for 24 hours. The intended result, once the lead is dissolved away, I'll try concentrated hydrochloric/hydrogen peroxide, phosphoric acid/peroxide and if those don't work to dissolve the lead, I'll order some fuming nitric acid, which will certainly do the job. And leave me some lead nitrate as a byproduct.
The intended result, is an allotrope of phosphorus called violet, or Hittorf's phosphorus, similar to black phosphorus in that its not pyrophoric, not toxic, fairly unreactive and afaik not flammable.
I want to see if it truly is metallic, and also, heat some white phosphorus in a vacuum-sealed vessel and try to sublime what may be another form of violet P.
Also, whilst I need to get some potassium or sodium bromide, in order to liberate the bromine, and get some carbon disulfide and a powerful UV lamp, dissolve white P in CS2, and red P in phosphorus tribromide, again under intense UV, distill off the PBr3 (keeping it of course, it being a most valuable and useful reagent) to precipitate what may be either extremely finely divided red phosphorus or a distinct allotrope or polymorph. Not sure which. But its known as scarlet, or Schlenk's phosphorus.
Got plenty RP to experiment with. Now time to make with the molten lead and the crucibles :) should be fun. Got to distill some red phosphorus first, to prepare white P, so I can try both, each in its own little molten lead bath and see what comes out at the end. hopefully violet phosphorus. I'd love to make some really big long crystals of it for the start point of a framed element collection, which I'm going to build myself of course, to hang upon the lab wall. First start, is I'm going to chase down as many of the storable allotropes of phosphorus as I can produce, from red and white P. Black phosphorus and phosphorene (monolayers of phosphorus atoms, similar to graphene, germanene, etc. which should be interesting for electrical possibilities, semiconductivity perhaps. Black P is very difficult to produce though. But as for its nature, its similar to graphite, forming layers, and its electrically conductive, like graphite. I'm curious to see if, like graphite, the conductivity is isotropic or anisotropic. Plus there are two at least, perhaps three different crystalline polymorphs of black P. Its very unreactive chemically, its nonflammable, nontoxic, an electrical conductor, and whilst not useful as such chemically, it may well be electrically, with various applications in nanotech as thin films. Still, its got to be hunted down and stuck in a sealed vial for display. Just decided to choose phosphorus first, because of the great many allotropic forms it has. That, sulfur and carbon, as well as boron and selenium are the ones I'm going for first. As well of course as the elements that don't form different allotropic forms but which I already have in the lab, samples can be taken for the display. Going to try and make it a real work of art, a periodic table element collection display. Not sure what to use for the background, perhaps different colours, but polished ebony and rosewood appeal to me, as well of course as glass windows to seal in the vials of the elements. Something I've wanted to do for ages, and decided finally to get to it. Or perhaps I could have the actual display case 3D printed in something like carbon fiber so its lightweight. Although doing the woodwork appeals more, and I don't like the texture of 3D printed carbon, its slightly rough and ewww sensory nastiness ew.
pics, please.
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i put oxygen bleach (oxyclean) into my water bottle because i thought it had bacteria growing in it. i have always assumed that in the presence of organic material the bleach will interact and get - well, fizzy. when i have tried this with things i thought were clean there was very little fizzing.
curious what you think and if i am right about the bacteria interacting with the bleach. it's much more dramatic than boring chlorine bleach. if i do it right it spills over the top and the sink looks like a mad scientist's lab.
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The oxygen bleach is generally percarbonate or perborate based, these are simply hydrated carbonates or boric acid salts (borates) such as sodium percarbonate, being commmon, and the 'per' comes from peroxide, in those cases hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, esentially instead of being hydrated with water, they are made to contain hydrogen peroxide of crystallization
It may well be the bacteria, some, but not all bacteria contain the enzyme catalase, also found in mammalian livers. Catalase serves to break down H2O2, the release of which (hydrogen peroxide) to create free radicals locally and damage/destroy the cell walls of bacteria. Those species and strains that have evolved to express the genes for catalase are able to break down H2O2 released
by such cells as macrophages and other immunocytes which target hostile pathogenic invaders.
Another way to demonstrate catalase in action is to immerse a slice of liver (I would suggest obtaining some from a butcher or supermarket, rather than using any of your own) into some dilute (10% or so is just fine, won't be too vigorous but you can see it in action, in a flask or narrow container of H2O2, so as to be able to collect the gas by means of leading it out through a length of tubing through the stopper of the flask, a cork that fits will work fine for this and into a test tube inverted in a container of water, the released gas will displace the water and when ready, reach in, stopper the test tube whilst still inverted in the water with your thumb, turn it right way up and then insert a piece of wood splint which has been ignited and put out but which is whilst not flaming, glowing still. The glowing ember will cause the wooden splint to immediately burst into flame, because the gas in the test tube is pure oxygen gas, as its most common allotrope, O2, the same as we breathe (O3 being ozone, there is an O4 metastable state, and red oxygen, O8) the O2 in the test tube came from the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide under the influence of the enzyme catalase to breaking down into H2O and oxygen , the pure oxygen displaces the water-filled test tube, keep at it until you displace all the water, and you've prepared a test tube filled with pure oxygen. Normally air is about 21% oxygen at sea level, almost 78.1% nitrogen, N2, a hair less than one percent of the unreactive noble gas argon, Ar, often use in welding to provide a more inert atmosphere than nitrogen (which can break down from diatomic nitrogen to highly reactive atomic nitrogen under intense enough heat, such as an electric arc or the focused plasma jet of a plasma cutter, and also, N2 itself, especially at elevated temperatures forms nitrides with certain metals, the first notable one being lithium, which alone of the alkali metals (group 1 metals, lithium, Li, sodium, Na, potassium, K, rubidium, Rb, caesium and francium, Cs and Fr respectively, with caesium being the last of the alkali metals that can actually be handled and worked with in a bulk state, francium is naturally occurring but only as a daughter decay product of other radioactive elements, with there being less than 1oz of Fr within the earths crust at any one time, for Fr is extremely radioactive in the case of all of its natural and synthetic isotopes. And with a very short half life, meaning the most that has ever been in one space at one time is around 300,000 atoms.
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this makes me want to go on amazon and order chemistry equipment.
it also makes me wonder about the claims made by people who administer and receive ozone treatment. does the ozone stay in the blood until it reaches the liver? and what would it make there? the people who promote this stuff claim that it turns into pure oxygen in your system. dunno how that's supposed to help anything.
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That is quackery wolfy, absolute quackery. Ozone is quite toxic, and very reactive. A far stronger oxidizing agent than O2, and dangerous to breathe in.
We are equipped to take O2 in through the lungs, not elsewhere (modern blood oxygenation ex vivo technological advances like extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) aside), not via enemas, not from injecting hydrogen peroxide or other oxidizing agents, just O2, through the lungs. All these modern fartarsed quack suggestions such as oxygenated water enemas, H2O2 injections, ozone inhalation or worse...they are at the best, useless and at worst dangerous and in some cases potentially lethal.
Won't discourage you from taking up chemistry as a hobby though. Be happy to advise or help where I can, help you source reagents etc. from those who don't regard hobby chemistry as some kind of seedy activity only criminals and terrorists would possibly want to engage in outside a high school or uni lab. Got a hookup that can order from sigma-aldrich even, for the real hard to get stuff (the neat thing about being able to buy via an intermediary (also in the hobby) from places like sigma, who wouldn't even reply to the likes of hobbyists let alone sell them so much as a drop of piss from their staff toilets, is they don't take into consideration the scarcity of many hard to get reagents for hobbyists, since they don't do business with us in the first place, so that makes buying certain otherwise difficult things, such as for example, phosphorus, or alkali metals, hydride reducing agents, acyl halides, acetic anhydride that kind of stuff, makes it pretty cheap when they don't even put availability and how much the person wants it into the equation.
And then theres eastern europe, who will sell anything to anyone. Its a fun hobby, though. And lol, things like waiting for your latest acquisitions to arrive, its like being a kid waiting for xmas morning, only santa is dressed in a postman outfit:autism:
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Can you explode my neighbours for me?
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Can you explode my neighbours for me?
You've not met Lit, have you? He used to be the explosion expert around here. He blew up trees and traffic signs.
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Can you explode my neighbours for me?
You've not met Lit, have you? He used to be the explosion expert around here. He blew up trees and traffic signs.
Damn, I've missed out.
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Missing out on Lit is indeed missing out.
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We've had a broad variety of special interests here. :M
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Lit is brave! :pow: :arrr: :pow: He loves to blow shit up!
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Plenty popping and crackling and spitting and hissing last night. I had a wonderful night, busily hovering around my new electrically heated molten metal bath, housing, a bunch of lead, with some tin in it, to lower the melting point, and some solder thrown in to do so further for convenience, and that, bathing a steel 'tin' containing a mixture of caustic soda, a small amount of salt, which I initially tried but wouldn't form a melt of its own, on its own (I'm hoping an induction heater and carbon crucibles will serve for electrolysis of molten salt. Give me time whilst it arrives (my old man is buying it, but will let me use it, he kind of more or less just wants to experiment and play about with it, IMO I'll end up using it more than he does :autism:) to think about what to do with the chlorine gas liberated by such electrolysis. I'll be a scheming and a plotting for experiments or procedures that involve elemental Cl2. Making bromine, by passing it into an aqueous, strong solution of an alkali metal bromide, IMO preferably, for me, potassium bromide, because that way the byproduct would be potassium chloride, and whilst I can of course get all the salt I want as long as I have enough money to buy a given quantity and shops to stock it, if for example I wanted to spend a thousand pounds on table salt (and I really, really don't. A grand to me means lots and lots of plenty much more interesting and useful chemicals and the labware to react them in) I do not have pure potassium chloride, although a mix is available as 'lo-salt' for low sodium diets and salting food. The more reactive Cl2 displaces iodine from iodides and bromine from bromides, so it IS a convenient way to store Br2 and I2 (both are volatile, despite iodine being a solid, almost metallic looking element, it sublimes, and if left out in the open air, will fairly quickly (in storage terms) just evaporate (if actually heated, in a closed container it goes directly from solid to liquid under atmospheric pressure, bypassing a liquid, molten stage, this is called sublimation) and Br2 is a bugger to store, needing ideally sealing in glass ampoules until desired for use. So generally the best thing to do is either if the reaction suits the conditions, generate it in-situ for immediate reaction in the same vessel as something one might wish to brominate, or generate it, purify and distill, dry it etc. as and when your going to need it. It creeps through many plastics, and creeps through seals with ground glass so storing it in stoppered flasks is a no-no too. Also it viciously attacks the likes of rubber tubing and stoppers (and god help you if you spill it on you, I never have, but I know of someone who has, and they have been in and out of hospital. Its not especially toxic as such, but whilst Cl2 is a gas, and although more reactive than bromine and iodine, contact with Cl2 is unlikely to burn, liquid condensed chlorine would be another matter, and you can actually pick up a nugget of solid I2 in your fingers as long as you keep moving it about like you would say, a steel ball bearing at just such a temperature as to be uncomfortable but not to outright burn flesh, or a hot buttery crumpet (although needless to say, biting into a hot, buttery lump of iodine isn't the best idea:P) bromine is in between chlorine and iodine in terms of reactivity but unlike the gaseous chlorine and the solid iodine its a liquid and can soak into and penetrate the skin easily causing severe and reportedly very painful burns, causing a third degree burn in a matter of moments if enough be present.
So its a shitter of an element to store, one of the worst of the lot, ignoring radioactivity from gamma ray sources, to have to store. So perhaps if I think more along the lines of say, bromobenzene or alpha-bromotoluene which would be more useful, or N-bromosaccharin, N-bromosuccinimide, useful non-volatile brominating agents, and I can then experiment also with iodine mono- and tribromide as well as bromine monochloride, iodine mono- and tribromides and tne other nonfluorinated interhalogens (semicovalent compounds composed of only halogen atoms, such as for example the ones I have thus far prepared being iodine monochloride (a dark, volatile liquid which hydrolyzes on exposure to H2O or moisture in the air, fumes and with an unpleasan odour, similar in appearance to Br2 although easily distinguished from elemental bromine by means of its weight, being a liquid, a given volume is easily precisely measured, and due to differing density the weight will differ between Br2 and iodine monochloride and of course boiling point, plus although I haven't characterized the compound sufficiently to determine how to produce either, apparently a solid alpha- and beta form are also extant. And it is formed, as a distillable liquid by passing chlorine gas not in excess through a tube packed with solid iodine and condensing the result, if the Cl2 be not in excess then the monochloride of iodine is formed, if this be treated with further chlorine gas, or if excess Cl2 is used then a green crystalline solid, iodine trichloride is formed. That was a fun experiment I did a while back, although ruined by the fucking dirty pig filth when they opened the stoppered boro glass flask I had it contained in 'to take samples' (which they then left without, so obviously just came to trash the lab). I think, having more iodine than I know what to do with, aside from making some methyl and isopropyl iodides which are useful electrophilic alkylating agents, and in one particular reaction, the Appel, can be substituted for carbon tetrachloride to prepare the intermediate triphenylphosphonium halide with triphenylphosphine (which I have quite a lot of, a kg should last me a long time, especially since the usual byproduct of reactions involving PPh3 is triphenylphosphine oxide, and it can be recycled or used for other purposes) in this case alkyl halides, at least methyl iodide, can serve as a source of nucleophilic iodine, and used for preparing alkyl iodides, carbon tetrachloride is the more well known halogen source although unusually, acting as a reactant rather than solvent, although if the alcohol will dissolve in C-tet then of course it would play both roles) seems quite unfussy about its halogen source, even elemental Br2 apparently works for preparation of alkyl bromides from alcohols. This reaction is for halogenating alcohols. Quite a useful one from the looks of it too since triphenylphosphine is not highly watched (not that I'd let THAT stop me, I don't deal in unobtanium much :) being, somewhat privileged in what I can and cannot obtain if I choose to pay for a reagent rather than make it, dig it out of the ground and smelt it, extract it et cetera or draw it from the air in the literal sense. I'm lucky, in that I have good sources and don't have to rely solely on OTCs, but many, if not most hobby chemists have to, with a lesser or greater degree of access to things you can't buy from a hardware store or make from what you can, but for them the Appel would be extremely useful, since the usual halogenating agents, such as thionyl chloride, PCl3, PCl5, POCl3, SO2Cl2 (sulfuryl chloride, not to be confused with SOCl2 which is thionyl chloride) are exceedingly difficult to make in the case of the sulfur oxychlorides although its doable with much effort, and the phosphorus halides involve, of course, phosphorus, and elemental phosphorus itself either red (especially watched due to its use in methamphetamine synthesisis, although its doubtful with the pills drying up as a source for pseudoephedrine/ephedrine in the US that US cooks are even using that red phosphorus/iodine reaction much, its just reputation mostly thats making it hard for the rest of us, at least, especially in the US, its right up there on the watched list) And winning it from readily available phosphate salts is difficult, and if one were to carefully (extremely carefully for it is lethally toxic) decompose the phosphine and diphosphine released from mole smokes containing metal phosphides (plus whilst afaik PH3, the phosphorus analog of ammonia, where P stands in place of nitrogen, is just plain toxic, P2H4 is both toxic AND pyrophoric, spontaneously igniting on contact with air) But that would be a relatively low yielding, and exceedingly dangerous route IMO, and not worth it as a source of phosphorus for all but the most desperately hard-up cook or chemist) it would however, if thermally decomposed, and the exit gases also burnt after passage through ice cold water to destroy any residual escaping phosphine, provide elemental phosphorus, probably in its white allotrope.
But bugger that for a lark, wouldn't even attempt it. One bubble of the stuff could be enough to kill you. Phosphine gas is in the 'deadly toxic' category. DeadliEST? certainly not but its the sort of thing you'd class along with cyanide gas or hydrogen azide gas (hydrazoic acid gas), hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen selenide (which is actually more toxic than cyanide gas and stinks like all hell condensed onto the head of a pin, each and every rotting stinking maggot, yanked wriggling from the pus-filled buboes of its pestilent carcasses from each and every sinner ever to rot in hell. Including the paedophiles and those maggots that are waiting for george bush and tony bliar as well as theresa may, when they kick the bucket. Satan probably having a big bucket of plague fleas ready and even ordering extra maggots from hell's local lava-lake fishing tackle store, he'd have to, to get just a few, desperate and starving maggots who have extremely low standards for maggots infesting pus-slobbering abscesses bursting forth in the noxious cadaver-waste of hell's vilest. The ones that would even eat paedophile-corpses and jeremy kyle. By choice.
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Some of my latest work-iodine monochloride, both in its liquid and vapor phase, and within the same container, in its solidified, crystalline state.
About 3 1/2-3 3/4 oz, its remarkably dense no matter what phase its in.. Normally it can't be stored near plastics, but these are resistant bottles left behind after an incompetent and malicious raid and search by the pigs. And they have proven themselves to have handled the same chemical for many, many months without being in the least attacked. Evidently the sample bottles they use here are made out of something very resistant, they'd have to be, to be usable for taking samples not knowing what they might be.
(http://oi64.tinypic.com/2czob5u.jpg)
http://oi68.tinypic.com/o9n4vn.jpg
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Pic of solid state didn't turn out uploaded quite right, so here it is.
(http://oi68.tinypic.com/o9n4vn.jpg)
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Video should be ready within a day or two I hope. I've got the separate parts, there are just quite a few of them and I need to find some tool to splice them into one long clip, now the metadata has been removed.
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Done the video, need somewhere to host it. Youtube want my phone number for 'verification' and damned if I'm handing my identity over to google. Hell no.
Current project-electrode design for separation of sodium (and potassium, possibly also NaK alloy, the latter of the three I made a little of last night but was unable to capture it due to its extreme reactivity [its a liquid at relatively low temperatures and significantly more reactive than elemental potassium, possibly more so than both potassium and sodium 'out together' in terms of reactivity. It is, of course, sodium and potassium put together, physically speaking. Although I am not totally sure whether or not I captured any, since I did the electrolysis under petroleum spirits/vac pump oil mixture. I'll have to cut the cell open and see whats down there at the bottom of the melt, keeping it under dried naphtha whilst I open it up because I sure as shit don't want it close to me and exposed to the air. That could get nasty. And it would definitely get nasty if close to petrol. The stuff smoked and spat and sparked even under a layer of high-boiling mineral spirits and vac pump oil mixed together to the extent that it was bubbling like boiling water and giving off smoke like one of those dry ice-based smoke machines or water atomizer mist generators that sometimes get used for decorative ponds as the cell was running (electrolyte a mixture of molten potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide, this makes a eutectic mixture which melts as low as 200 degrees 'C, although the product, NaK alloy is reactive as hell. Its main use is in coolant systems for nuclear reactors, especially fast breeder reactor designs due to its excellent thermal conductivity. Although it would be.....rather messy....should it actually ever get loose out of the closed systems employed in that context)
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Just waiting for pain meds to kick in so my back doesn't get sore and achy whilst I'm busy with the drill press, and have had something to eat, then am about to finish butchering a dessert-spoon.
Given an ordinary steel dessert spoon a going over with one of the little miniature drum sander attachments for a dremel tool, now after I've had my food, about to drill it with a network of lots and lots of fine holes with a set of micro-drills so I can test out an idea for use in producing lithium sodium, potassium etc. metals, for an electrode configuration, the idea behind it is to make use of the fact that the surface tension of the molten sodium (and of course the other alkali metals, although how big the holes will need to be, if I can get away without having to make a dedicated set of spoons for each metal, I'm not sure yet) is going to be greater than the surface tension of the molten electrolyte. So, the idea, is to use a spoon, drilled full of small holes, of sufficient size to be large enough to permit the passage of molten salts (trying first with molten caustic soda however) but too small to permit the molten metal (sodium metal floats on top of molten caustic soda, albeit there is a fairly fine temperature window within which yield goes from about 75% based on current passed through the electrolyte, and outside that window, yield drops to jack and shit, with the sodium dissolving back into the melt, to form a greyish-blue colored rocky material, that seems to be a solid phase solution of metallic sodium in resolidified sodium hydroxide, its got characteristics of both, in that it sparks and pops in water, oxidizes in air, but upon dissolution fully in water, produces a highly alkaline, caustic solution, the dissolution being strongly exothermic. Part way between the two in properties, an interstitial phase, although not nearly as close in properties to sodium metal as would be desirable. 25 'C above the melting point of NaOH the yield disappears completely. So, I'll be testing out my new large capacity graphite crucible tonight and whacking a good many amps through a bath of molten caustic, carefully controlled with respects to heat, and using eutectic salt mixtures to lower the melting point further. Probably caustic potash, calcium chloride, although I've been hankering after trying a tertiary mixture of these, do a few experiments with respects of melting point. and see what I can get. I'd sooner keep the KOH concentration down though as much as I can get away with at first, whilst experimenting more with the electrodes, because its really vicious stuff when molten and at a couple of hundred degrees. I've used nickel based guitar fretwire a lot for disposable electrodes, out of convenience and utility both, since its available for nothing to me in electrode-sized pieces by the bucketful, literally, and nickel is quite resistant to molten caustic soda. Caustic potash is another matter though, even diluted in molten NaOH. With NaOH, I've used the same set of electrodes all night before without much attack, after experimenting last night with a KOH/NaOH-based binary eutectic mixture, the end of the nickel alloy anode, which had started off nipped off with a pair of wire cutters had turned into a razor-sharp point, the corrosion had really done a number on it, in the space of half an hour to an hour or so, maybe an hour and a half, at most (wasn't timing it, thats autie hyperfocus for you though, getting good and stuck in)
So, if this idea works, and I think it should do, just a matter of getting the holes the right size, it should make the job of recovering the sodium or potassium metals from very hot, highly corrosive melts a lot easier, and allow for better shielding to be built in, having the hacked electro-spoon built into the physical shielding.
And when I've nailed the right dimensions for the idea, then I can invest in bigger crucibles (or see if a metal foundry I know of might even donate some really big (as far as portable ones go) ones, if they don't re-use them, bag a few old ones etc. that would be headed for the trash (another source of plenty useful stuff in their dumpsters too, like big blocks of aluminium in rounded slug form, which come in rather handy for generating hydrogen when its wanted)
These crucibles are refractory, intended for extreme heat tolerance, although may or may not require some work on my part for corrosion resistance, and from the floor, come up to my lower thigh or so, height-wise, and I would imagine you could get 20kg of caustic soda in one even before its melted and much volume is taken up by the prills/pellets of the stuff. And unlike graphite, should resist chlorine gas, for if I wanted to have a try at hacking together a pair of them connected by salt-bridges and use table salt for the electrolyte, capturing the chlorine gas in hot, concentrated caustic soda or caustic potash in aqueous solution to produce sodium or potassium chlorates respectively, useful oxidizing agents, in order to make optimum use of the chlorine, which of course on that scale, couldn't responsibly or safely be simply vented to the atmosphere. And if the solution of hydroxide be cold rather than hot, instead of producing chlorates (mOCl3, where m=alkali or alkaline earth metal or the ammonium radical) one instead, can have it produce hypochlorites, the oxidizing agents that, in the form of sodium hypochlorite, goes into household bleach.
That way, everything gets recycled as much as humanly possible, with the main byproduct being chlorine gas, and either chlorate or hypochlorites depending on what I require the most at any given time. The main impurity in either, being salt, which would be separated from the hypochlorites/chlorates by means of fractional crystallization, making the main consumables electricity, inert gas for shielding, suitable containers plus mineral oil/petroleum spirit type stuff, dessicant for the oil the metals are stored under (which is reusable, the drying agent that is since I'd use calcium chloride, CaCl2 in its anhydrous form, which can be regenerated with heat. Preferably tapping off some excess heat from the crucibles themselves during electrolysis so resistive heating is wasted even less, some of it being used to keep electrolyte batches molten), and water.
The more efficient I can make it, the better, the more economical, the more money I could stand to make from the metals themselves and/or useful (and for many if not most hobbyist chemists, hard to obtain, not obtainable, and/or watched on the supply end)
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Fractional distillation of a tertiary mixture (ethanol, H2O and n-pentane)
(https://s9.postimg.org/l6f0xvfm7/pentane_Et_OH_fractionation.jpg)
Flask on the right contains the mixture to be distilled, with a distillation adapter (reversed in configuration, in order to be able to use a distillation bend that hadn't got a vacuum takeoff barb on it which really is not needed in this application, the boiling point of n-pentane is just 35.9 'C whilst that of ethyl alcohol is just over 70 'C so this is a simple fractional distillation of two liquids of opposite polarity, intermixed with water, diluting the alcohol, next, is the condenser, a short, highly efficient design called a Dimroth condenser, which is pretty much, design-wise, a reversed graham condenser, in a graham, the cooled liquid runs through the spiral column in the center which is usually, in a graham condenser, a single twisted spiral, whilst a Dimroth has a helix, in the graham the thing being distilled goes through the center spiral, in a dimroth its the reverse, and it goes through the outside, whilst the coolant line feeds through the center helix. The graham design suffers from the fact that the bore is narrow and can easily get clogged, plus they are not much cop for reflux since the narrow, twisty bore traps the distillate too easily and if they get choked with solids that can result in a catastrophic pressure buildup. I have one, I rarely use it. A Dimroth condenser on the other hand doesn't suffer from this since the coolant is what goes through the inner coil, which is of a wide surface area, mine has a little drip-tip on the bottom of the helix too, to assist refluxes, in the upright configuration, so condensate can drip back off it into the boiling flask. The Dimroth condenser design is compact, and highly efficient, suffering from very little drawbacks. Normally quite pricy, but I got mine on ebay, 24/40 joint tapers, for a less than £20, somewhere around £14 IIRC, which is an absolute STEAL of a bargain, there were quite a few others watching that auction and I sniped the bid at the last few seconds with an automated program for it. Real bargain, probably my favourite out of all my condensers (I've quite a few Liebigs, a simple jacketed straight bore design, an Alihnn, which has a straight outer jacket and multiple bulbs meeting at a wasp-waist like interface as the inner bore, a Graham spiral coil condenser, and the Dimroth. Next I am going to be buying myself a dry ice/liquid nitrogen condenser (cold finger) for condensing and refluxing cryogenic gases.
Simple air condenser setup, since my water pump is currently being employed for keeping some iodine monochloride cold, and it has to be, because ICl is both dangerous, volatile and highly reactive. Plus uses expensive iodine to make it, so I can't just shift the pump elsewhere. Dual feed air pump, spliced both feeds together for greater flow.
Flask on the left, now has a fresh ice-salt-water-acetone-ethylene glycol freezing mixture in it, the plastic bag fragment is just because I made a bunch of ice in bulk blocks by freezing large sandwich bags full of water, tightly tied up and stuffed in the freezer. Just temporarily, had to move the distillation setup outside, because my old man needs the pans I'm using for hot water and freezing mixture baths to cook dinner. From the behaviour of the solvent mixture, most of the pentane has been distilled off, anyway, and the receiver flask has been briefly dunked in the freezing bath to stop the distillation (no real risk of thermal shock since its borosilicate glass, and pentane has such a low BP that it didn't have to get very much more than warm to begin with) whilst the receiver is still in the freezing mixture so I don't lose the pentane. Which will be redistilled from a portion of drying agent, such as first anhydrous epsom salts then from something irreversible, like lithium metal once its dry enough that there will be no flames as this is done. Li will react with the water to form lithium hydroxide (which needless to say, will be saved for later electrolysis and recovery of the lithium once fused into a melt) whilst the highly unreactive, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are extremely resistant to being protonated or deprotonated to carbocations/carbanions respectively, and it would take a base MUCH stronger than LiOH to deprotonate aliphatc saturated linear hydrocarbons, I'm not even sure sodium hydride would do it (CBF crunching the numbers, since its not something I'm about to need to do anyway)
And then once dried, redistilled and fractionated again to cut out any remaining water or ethanol; and stored until it is wanted for use.
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And once that is done, I'll be doing a synthesis of chloroform, CHCl3, via the haloform reaction. And possibly also of 1,2-dichloroethane using concentrated hydrochloric acid to chlorinate ethylene glycol, assisted by means of ZnCl2 as a lewis acid. I'll first have to prepare the zinc chloride though. Might just do the ethylene dichloride since I have plenty ethylene glycol and its a lot cheaper in larger quantities compared to acetone, which I'd oxidatively chlorinate to give chloroform.
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Finally, I hope. found a host for my iodine monochloride video that didn't want verification by phone number (sorry, not getting anything that can identify me :P)
IClfinal.mp4 (http://www82.zippyshare.com/v/LZFuccXl/file.html) its a download rather than a direct link, about 86 total)
This installs a toolbar, just delete it after asap, was the only place that didn't ask for ID of some sort.
Just thought I'd warn you. File is .MP4, has had the metadata removed, so windows media player won't play it. VLC media player is free and it doesn't have any issues.
Notes-If following my synthesis, do not retain the no-hole stopper whilst passing Cl2 or other gases through the drying agent/iodine, otherwise pressure WILL build up and force a joint apart, whichever is weakest, resulting in the venting of Cl2 through the system to the atmosphere. This was placed in there to avoid anything volatile evaporating, such as the iodine, and escaping. It seems however, save to SLOWLY pass Cl2 through the system even so, given it reacts with the iodine to form a liquid, or in the case of excess Cl2, either through I2 or ICl, to form the trichloride, ICl3. This can be done by adding HCl and hypochlorite via large syringe, such as a 60ml oral/enteral medical feeding syringe without a needle attached to a short length of rubber hose, using a distillation adapter to connect the Cl2 generator to the liebig condenser, and a short length of rubber hose, serving to mate the syringe (clamped whilst attaching the syringe and during its removal to refill), during the synthesis itself however, a stopper with one hole and a long piece of glass tubing, attached first to a suckback trap (I superglued a one-way valve and seal to a medicine bottle cap, just to prevent water suckback into the iodine monochloride accumulating in the receiver, this would be disastrous, certainly damned unpleasant, since it would hydrolyze the product back to iodine and chlorine gas, and a little would produce a lot of toxic gas.)
A respirator with a cartridge suited to acid gases and halogens is REQUIRED, ICl is highly toxic, more so than chlorine gas.
Use teflon and if grease is to be used, use a perfluorocarbon grease, since ICl is a STRONG oxidizer and will reduce the likes of dow-corning high-vacuum grease, or petroleum jelly to the consistency of set cement, so wrap stoppers in heavy layers of teflon tape and perfluorocarbon grease both under and over them, likewise any glass to glass joints need such treatment because should you try and unstick a jammed stopper and get this stuff on you, I shudder to even contemplate what it would do to flesh. Don't use metal vessels to transfer or store it, it will eat through them. It does not attack glass, but DOES attack plsatics, viciously so, also the vapor can slowly permeate through plastics. Outlet gases and vapors should be led through a suckback trap, and then into a solution of saturated sodium, potassium carbonate etc. AFAIK it decomposes in carbonate, although not bicarbonate, to iodates) hydrolytic decomposition is violent and rapid. i've only added drops at a time to water to test how quick this occurs and it is instantaneous, a little puff of green Cl2 gas given off and iodine sinking to the bottom of the water. A large quantity of this compound would, most certainly, result in a correspondingly large release of chlorine gas, and quickly. Not desirable, not pleasant, not safe.
Needless to say, you don't want this happening in your lungs or eyes, WEAR A FUCKING MASK AND FACE SHIELD, with goggles underneath the shield, and long, elbow-length gloves. ICl is HIGHLY TOXIC and can also be ABSORBED THROUGH THE SKIN, affecting the kidneys as well as the lungs. No, it wouldn't make a good kitchen spice :green:
I can't stress enough-FACE SHIELD covering FULL FACE, the more the merrier. You wouldn't get chance to react it this got in your eyes, chances are instant blindness would be the result. Not to mention it would hurt like fuck. Oh, and turn to acid while it broke down in the tear fluid. On skin, SEVERE burns, near instantly. Chances are they would be deep burns, up to third degree. Easy synthesis, lots of safety precautions needed and great care taken with the procedure.
Some notes as to the video-second little part of the sections spliced together got repeated, ignore that, video looks good.
I said during one early part that the medical air pump was being used to drive the Cl2, this was a momentary lapse of narration, its argon from a tank being used for this, the medical air pump is in fact plugged into the liebig condenser with the drying agent (closest to the right-hand flask) to pre-cool the Cl2 gas before it enters the water-cooled condenser packed with I2)
The beginning of the rxn can be seen when the orange color forms, this is where the chlorine first meets the iodine, and a little iodine TRIchloride forms (a reversible rxn) the monochloride is a dark, bromine-like liquid of low melting point (two melting points actually depending on whether its alpha- or beta-ICl formed, the alpha crystal form gives long needle-like crystals when solidified, the beta form gives rhombohedral plates). Oddly, it can supercool from the looks of it, remaining liquid even when immersed in cooling baths of things like ice-ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, acetone and methylated spirits with a little water and salting the ice, this gives a sub-zero temperature, yet nevertheless, I have personally seen ICl remain liquid despite this, and despite it being colder than its melting point.
To contain ICl, keep it out of light for prolonged periods, brief exposure such as to open a bottle and use some of the reagent is alright, its air-sensitive and moisture sensitive (atmospheric water content included), preferably backfill the bottle containing the ICl with argon or nitrogen for storage, wrap the screw-thread of the bottle with teflon tape, and use a bottle with a teflon cap and a resistant seal. In such a bottle, the ICl I made, I still have, in good condition without any noticeable hydrolysis.
ICl3 on the other hand, should be stored under an atmosphere of dry chlorine gas, for it is, I believe, unstable under an air atmosphere and I am not entirely sure about under inert gas. Excess chlorine should be used as the atmosphere of the bottle in order to prevent decomposition. Not done anything myself with ICl3 yet. DO NOT let it contact METAL POWDERS, risk of spontaneous ignition, and certainly one small flame and it'll burn instantly and intensely) bulk metals, E.g iron bar, etc. etc. would just corrode rather than burst into flames. Phosphorus (red) is hypergolic with ICl, the very moment the two contact, such as one drop falling on red phosphorus powder, the RP instantly ignites. Haven't tried it on white phosphorus but its even more reactive than the red allotrope, the reason I haven't, is that whilst I have most of whats left of 2kg red phosphorus on my lab reagent stockroom, I have only a small sample of white phosphorus, and I don't intend on just burning it for no gain. There isn't the slightest doubt that it would burst into flames, since ICl is a strong oxidizer.
Oh and don't use plastic keck clips, because even heavily wrapped in teflon tape, and greased to fuck, then wrapped again, they without exception, disintegrate just from the traces of ICl that manage to make it out of the glass fittings. This happens quickly indeed, You'd be lucky to have one last a full hour before disintegrating or cracking straight through, and whilst I've not tried it, the only solvents I'd trust, are highly inert ones, such as fluorocarbons, dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, or possibly chloroform. ICl eats things. even the lawn around the table the apparatus is set up on is now bleached pale yellowish white (over time). Likewise don't do this in the rain, you really do not want ICl or ICl3 getting in contact with water.
And where my voice changes, those are just momets when I need to wear a gas mask,
If intending to produce solely ICl rather than ICl3, there is a little trick, that being to use excess I2 in the iodine column, and any ICl3 (yellow-orangey solid) formed can be left overnight, the excess Cl2 or/and ICl3 reacts with the excess iodine to reform ICl after leaving the setup overnight. Iodine isn't too cheap, especially due to the high atomic weight of iodine, so the less wasted the better, Those streaks of ICl3 in the I2 column reverted on standing overnight to give ICl once again)
In bright weather, cover the receiver pluss the I2 column with tin foil just to keep out the light and enhance stability of the monochloride.
It adds to alkenes (olefins, carbon-carbon compounds containing a C=C double bond) like for example, bromine does, forming in this case not a mono or dibromide, but a mixed iodobromide where one of the halogen atoms adds to one end of the double bond, and one to the other, this inclides substitution on a cycloalkene ring. Alexander 'sasha' Shulgin, rest his great soul, also used I found out later after making the reagent, iodine monochloride as the iodinating agent in his sytheses of DOI and 2C-I (2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine) respectively. ICl was used .
So, enjoy, folks.
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Adaptation of the mercury amalgam technique reducing agent using CuCl2 to depassivate aluminium, trial out on aliphatic ketone (C3, acetone)
http://www43.zippyshare.com/v/UAvwSBT6/file.html
Aluminium_Copper couple adaptation of Al-Hg reduction.avi (http://www43.zippyshare.com/v/UAvwSBT6/file.html)
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For something I can't afford to use the experimental copper 'amalgam' technique on, owing to time spent in preparation, having to make almost everything from scratch...
A LOT of condenser (allihn type reflux condenser, 300mm vigreaux column in the middle with a liebig condenser attached to an air compressor at the very top...this is going to get rather toasty rather quickly)
Blue thing on the right-air compressor, model, not sure, came from a hospital, brown feed line to liebig condenser (top of the three, allihn on the bottom, cooled by an ice-water-ethylene glycol-denatured alcohol feed using a fish pond water pump, clear hose attached to upper hose barb of the allihn, attached to the two-neck, 1l round bottom flask, thermometer adapter in the other neck with thermometer in it, set to 40 'C, readying ice bath for in case the little sucker overheats and starts rising up to the level of the vigreaux column (middle of long condenser section with the indentations to assist cooling, usually used for fractional distillation, although in this case its helping shoulder the load when this reaction starts to kick off)
Stirbar in bottom of flask (homemade, by sealing a samarium-cobalt rare earth magnet in a length of borosilicate glass tubing, made a neck in it to hold the magnet then fused the other end closed using a torch and carbon tools to manipulate the molten glass (glass doesn't stick to carbon like it does to metal) then reversed the tubing after the glass had cooled and fused that end closed, cutting off the excess glass, aside from a long sharp fiber like projection that I simply burnt off with the torch)
Several liters of ice in the off-reddish pink large bowl thats supplying the coolant feed to the allihn condenser along with the coolant mixture, ice bath being readied before the reaction starts in case of overheating (separate ice bath that is, just for cooling down the flask if/when it starts to get really exothermic, although hopefully reagent addition done portionwise will avoid the exotherm getting to more heat than it takes to keep the reaction self-sustaining with its own heat as hydrogen generation begins. Although as the hotplate/mag stirrer had to be repaired and an external controller fitted to bypass the thermostat in the plate, I do need to keep a minimal level of heat
set to 'on' as the heater and magnetic stirrer share a common power feed at the moment so the stirrer won't run with the heat set to zero. Doesn't need much, just needs to be on and barely above minimum though)
One of the longest condenser setups I've ever used. I'd have added my Dimroth condenser (short, but highly efficient) as well, but spatial constraints mean I have to work here instead of the lab, because even here, the condenser is just barely below actually poking the ceiling, its about an inch to an inch and a half short of the roof.
(https://s12.postimg.org/vd8xtz8t9/Hit_the_roof.jpg)
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What sort of camera do you use? I hope I don't offend you by saying that you need a new one!
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That shot was taken at long distance, from right the other end of the room, it had to be because of the length of the condenser setup.
And a digital camera. The make and model I keep to myself (it would be a bit self defeating to spend the time removing exif and other metadata from my pics including make, model, serial number of camera, geolocator tags if this thing has GPS (not sure if it does, but I strip out all metadata that can carry any identifying information for security reasons, and no you don't hun, why would you?)
Resolution-wise, its a 5 megapixel camera, I've had it a fair while, can't afford to buy another whilst this one works though. Not as good at longer ranges as it is at macro close-ups, at which it does alright, could barely fit that condenser tower in shot from the other end of the room though.
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Ah, we too have a 5 megapixel camera. But we don't use it as our phone cameras are better. My phone has 8.
I remember my first phone that had a camera wasn't even 1 megapixel. It was really awful. I took a photo of some ducks once and they turned out to look like grey blobs. I pretty much didn't even bother taking photos with that phone afterwards.
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That shot was taken at long distance, from right the other end of the room, it had to be because of the length of the condenser setup.
And a digital camera. The make and model I keep to myself (it would be a bit self defeating to spend the time removing exif and other metadata from my pics including make, model, serial number of camera, geolocator tags if this thing has GPS (not sure if it does, but I strip out all metadata that can carry any identifying information for security reasons, and no you don't hun, why would you?)
Resolution-wise, its a 5 megapixel camera, I've had it a fair while, can't afford to buy another whilst this one works though. Not as good at longer ranges as it is at macro close-ups, at which it does alright, could barely fit that condenser tower in shot from the other end of the room though.
Your camera is fine. Try to increase your lighting level to force your camera to use a shorter shutter speed.
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Thanks dirtawg. I can do that artificially with the camera.
As for phone cameras...not got one. Do have a phone, it just doesn't have a camera, its a pretty basic bare bones thing that cost about a tenner, some of my old phones did, lol I remember when they still came separately and had to be plugged in.
The thing I've got atm is a spare, that the filth didn't steal when they broke in here, fucking cocksuckers. Hope to get the bastards this time, owing to a false warrant (what was on there as the purpose of the search and what I was arrested for isn't even a crime, got a fair lot on them this time. Refusing to show ID, attempted coercion of a false confession by withholding medical treatment and food...I'm going to light a fire under their arses and gleefully watch their ballsacks roast in hell.
Its just as well that I did set up that huge condenser chain, destroying the aluminium sludge and remaining excess pieces had the thing boiling hard enough to send frothing, seething hot caustic, mercury-laden solvent froth right up the ice/salt/antifreeze/water/alcohol bath that was being circulated through the condenser and into the base of the vigreaux column. And that was with a slow, steady addition of saturated NaOH, no more than opening the thermometer inlet, taking it off for a moment, and pouring in a splash at a time.
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My very latest couple of additions to my glassware set. Two brand-spanking-new 3-way distillation adapters (still heads)
These I shall most likely baptize tonight, for the rites of purification must be performed on a certain compound, and the solvent stripped therefrom. I shall bee a very busy :heisenberg::bee:
The lettering is a little unclear, it says '24/29', indicating the size of the ground glass joints in width and taper.
(https://s2.postimg.org/s6q7tg5o9/3_way_still_heads.jpg)
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Currently-I've a beaker full of blackish-dark colored liquid, thats acidic as hell. My product from my latest work is in there. I've filtered off a great deal of solid-phase particulate garbate, part decanted off from the flask it was in, and the rest filtered under vacuum into my large (around 5 liter) buchner vacuum filter flask, to leave the dark liquid containing my product behind, in an extremely acidic solution, that'lll be pretty annoying to neutralize even, let alone take up to PH 11-13; since the reaction itself was perfored in glacial acetic acid as a solvent, plus a much smaller measure (100ml or so) of concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Smells totally foul. Got my full face-shield on, my elbow-length gloves on, and slowly adding sodium bicarbonate until it stops fizzing, which will tell me the acid is consumed. Then I'll start adding sodium hydroxide (lye, NaOH, caustic soda) in aqueous solution, bit by bit, electronically monitoring the PH with my digital PH monitor pen, until it starts to smell like old fish rather than acid, and IF I am really lucky, a layer of oily liquid, my product, will appear on top. This would be filtered off and saved if it does so, if not then once based satisfactorily, to the right PH, I'll either extract with toluene, then add a little bit at a time, drop by drop by drop, hydrochloric acid gas in dry isopropanol to precipitate it out from the toluene as a salt. Or else I might choose to take advantage, if extracting a smaller portion as a sample of the sae does not imediately precipitate my desired compound, then I'll extract the main body of the mixture using isopropanol, and adding lots and lots and lots of salt, warming it, until a super-saturated, and with the caustic soda, highly alkaline solution in brine is prepared, which will due to the 'salting out' effect, drive my product into the isopropanol by osmotic pressure, add a very little bit of anhydrous isopropanol solution of hydrogen chloride gas, and distill off the iPA to hopefully leave my desired product behind to be recrystallized, washed, cleaned and rendered all wuvvly and sparkly as crystals :)
Its already fizzing and bubbling and hissing and I think I might just be able to detect the first hints of 'fishy'-ness that is the hallmark of an amine in general.
Here we go. Lestat is doing what he does best, although a part of it he's never liked much. Never have enjoyed workups, in fact its always been the very least favourite aspect of chemistry of them all as far as he's concerned)
Still, needs must. What must be done must be done, that acid must be neutralized and the product taken up in solvent, back extracted and purified.
so purified it will be, until it is Lestat-issue standard. Won't be satisfied until its a work of art, not just a chemistry project.
Stinks though. Like vinegary, HCl-acid-like, copper-coin-in-sweaty-palms-smelling acrid metallic stinkyness. Yuck. still, from black slop can come glistening crystals of beauty and utility. And so they must :)
Time for Lestat to get his :heisenberg: hat on :D
Well not so much a hat as a flip up/down full-face, forehead, neck and top of the chest-protecting shield and gloves but it counts does it not :autism:
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Said liquid, I may add, was extracted with DCM (CH2Cl2, dichoromethane, a solvent akin to choroform or to carbon tet, but with a lower boiing point, a sharper, less sweet smell than CHCl3) and the dichlor distilled off in a comfortably easy and facile distillation process after first washing with dilute (10 and 20 percent sodium hydroxide brine 4x to cleanse it if impurities, and since at the time my electric vac pump had burnt out, I couldn't vac distill the desired, produced carbonyl compound) the bisulfite adduction complex was formed, and it cleaned chemicaly. Needs but to be regenerated from this to give the ketone, using dilute mild base, such as sodium carbonate solution, extraction into DCM, drying, washing the dessicant used with a bit more DCM, them distillation off of the DCM before it is used for whatever purpose it might be desired for, amongst the many, many things a chemist can do with it directly or turn it into other things useful. Turned it from a 2 liter pot of black, stinking glacial acetic acid solvated metalliferous slurry to a little over one ounce of purified ketone, not counting the additional weight when in the form of its bisulfite addition complex. And from liquid ketone of a yellow-dark color finally to straw-pale color, tinged, and thence the adduct formed, simiarly colored and then purified by solvent washing with various sovents to a dry, crispy, crunchy dry pure-white crystalline powder, in a lovely state to look on, knowing the work that went into it, the hours spent making it and weeks spent purifying it to that just over 1 ounce of purified, super-clean carbonyl compound meticulously. I can't wait for the final use whatever I decide it to be, I have not decided yet. But there are many uses, and several ways to go about each of them. I think I know what specific use, but as of yet, am still to decide upon a method to accomplish this in the cleanest of manners.
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Guess what lil ol' lestat just treated himself to?
The Rotavap he SOOOOO wanted, and in twice the flask capacity size too (2 liter, cost $1,050,00 )
Flask included (two liter rotavap flask), condeser, heating bath, the full fucking works to go. Oh yes oh fuck yes. One happy lestat right now. Wanted one for SO long. Never thought it'd come within my price range. And now I get twice the capacity I was after too. Fucking---niiiiiiiiihiiiice :autism: *flap*
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Got some calcium silicide recently. Hoping I can use it for production of (eventually) phenylsilane, since while I can buy it, its something near $150 for a few tens of grams, and I want it in bulk. Well, semi-bulk, 100g at least, and it's for something I want to try involving silylation and eventual alpha-alkylation of aminoacids, using Karstedt's catalyst; and again that is REALLY expensive, its an organoplatinum complex and a few grams costs almost half a grand. And it looks like it'll be a rather complex synthesis too. Going to have me work cut out for me if I go ahead with that project. There is no WAY I am paying such prices as that for 25g (IIRC) of Karstedt's cat, readymade. So it'll be cheaper to buy platinum bullion even, and dissolve it in a suitable acid, or maybe nitrosyl chloride to produce some chloroplatinic acid and make this complicated tetramethyldivinylated organosilicon-platinum complex. But if I can manage to produce some, or buy it if I REALLY must, (its recyclable or at least regenerable, as true catalysts are, since catalysts speed up reactions but are not themselves consumed), being able to alkylate the alpha carbon of aminoacids would be one REALLY useful reaction. For example, could be the start of a really novel synthetic route to alpha-methyltryptamine, aka AMT, the entactogenic psychedelic, by alkylation of tryptophan followed by simple decarboxylation to give AMT.
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Just spent near $500 on new glassware, and I'm not even close to done yet, still got chemicals to buy too. The 'what have you bought' thread shows the list of what I've gotten myself, as my to-self xmas gift so far.
Still want some chemical supplies too, and a few more bits of glass, mostly flasks, 2 and 3 neck round bottom type, still want the following:
1l pyridine
some triethylamine
more diethyl ether
I've got my eyes on a rather nice deal (about $20 for 100g) on lithium metal, sold as pellets stored under argon in a sealed container. Quite a nice price. I do have some lab-grade Li metal already, but only about 25g, and mine is in the form of flat squarish strips, 25g, minus what I have already used, again came stored in a hermetically sealed inert gas filled dry-bag, inside another inert gas filled dry-bag, again hermetically sealed. Once I opened it, I store the inner container, again re-purged with dry argon welding gas, of which I have many tanks since I use quite a lot of inert gas and argon does the trick perfectly, there are very, very, VERY few things which can react with argon, although IIRC a few fluorine-containing compounds, prepared under extreme conditions can exist, as can non-bonding 'compounds' where argon atoms are trapped in molecular cages, and clathrates can exist containing argon although those are not true compounds of argon)
Could do with some sodium nitrite (not nitrate, I've a couple of kg of NaNO3, its NaNO2 I want.
Some 4-dimethylaminopyridine, for its ability to catalyze esterifications within minutes at room temperatures under the mildest of conditions and giving extremely high yields. Although it is extremely toxic, potentially lethal upon skin contact, so of course one must be rather scrupulous in removing the para-DMAP from one's rxn mixture once the esterification is completed, and in recycling and regenerating the 4-DMAP.
And both ammonium formate, 99% formic acid, and formamide, plus a couple of liters of DMF (dimethylformamide, a polar, aprotic solvent, although extremely high boiling point)
Could do with some conc. aq. hydrobromic acid although I can make that myself from some of my sodium bromide.
And from then on....oohhh...I've seen a nice looking ampouled sample of dendritic crystalline calcium metal at a reasonable price, as well as one of barium metal for a little over a tenner in the latter case.
Want some phosphorus pentoxide too, a few kg. I COULD make the P2O5 (actually phosphorus pentoxide [Phosphorus (V) oxide] is dimeric, P4O10), myself, by burning red or white phosphorus, but, whilst I do have 2kg of red, and as such, I can prepare as much white as I desire, via distillation of red phosphorus under inert atmosphere, sufficient heat causes red phosphorus to convert to the white allotrope (the red form is flammable if lit, whilst white phosphorus ignites spontaneously upon contact with air, burning, in either form to give phosphorus (V) oxide fumes, but just setting elemental phosphorus on fire in a dry-box and collecting the fumes on the inside of a cold flask then transferring them to a tightly sealed, dry container, would be a hideous waste of elemental phosphorus, since the pentoxide is a LOT easier to purchase than the elemental red OR white allotropic forms of phosphorus. Elemental phosphorus is watched like a hawk, because red phosphorus and iodine, is a common combination for reduction of pseudoephedrine or ephedrine to methamphetamine, but, given my connections I can get red phosphorus, from which to make other, very useful phosphorus compounds such as the tri- and pentachloride and pentabromide/tribromides, prepare white phosphorus, and to serve as a start point to make the different elemental forms of phosphorus for the element collection I want to build, basically a wooden periodic table shaped set of chambers, each containing the relevant element, as a sample sealed under inert gas (excluding of course the gases which do not require inert gas, and the inert gases themselves. The gaseous elements will be put in electrically excitable plasma discharge tubes to display on demand the different excitation spectra, at least those parts within the visible range, also including a mercury vapor discharge tube as well as a sample of mercury metal)
And containing, in the cells, the relevant allotropes of the elements too, as many as I can prepare, all the elements from hydrogen (inc. separate plasma discharge tubes containing deuterium and tritium) to uranium (the barely radioactive, 'depleted' form, 238U, quite safe to handle, its toxic, but only in a typical heavy metal kind of way, like say, lead), the really unstable radioactive elements that have such a short half life as to barely exist in nature or if artificially made, that just disintegrate by spontaneous fission within fractions of a second to a few hours, those will be represented by a radioisotope of another element which can be stored and which includes the super-unstable (thinking astatine and francium here) elements that can't be stored due to the incredibly short half life, serving as a placeholder of sorts, since during the decay, these elements will exist as at least a handful of atoms at any given time, with an explanation of the decay chain carved into the display case cell for that element.
Have found though some rather rare stuff that I really want and intend, now I have the money, to buy. I've spotted somewhere which has a glass tube containing a strip of pure gold, given a plating of polonium, covering the piece of gold, in the form of real, genuine 210Po metal in the elemental form. Beautiful, can't see the gold substrate at all, just a silver layer, a perfectly visible to the naked eye piece of 210Po. Radioactive in the extreme, although an alpha particle emitter, and alpha radiation is blocked even by a thin sheet of paper, unless it is for example, in the form of an extremely energetic particle beam from a particle accelerator), and there ought to be no bremmstrahlung from the 210Po in a light element based container such as borosilicate glass. The sample costs at least £400 for one piece, although one is all I will need, since it is for a display piece for the element collection only and I do not intend on ever, ever opening the tube. That, I think, must be the heart of my to-self xmas treat, the really special treat out of all my xmas to self buying to pimp out the lab. That polonium metal sample, is to be 'It', it is beautiful, and I must, MUST own it. Sheer beauty and such a piece as this is of incredible rarity on the market for private individuals.
They have thorium metal and uranium metal too. I might just grab myself one of the thorium samples (somewhat less common as metallic thorium than is 238U) if I have enough money left after I buy that super-rare and absolutely fucking gorgeous polonium-plated gold slice. Even at £400, I reckon it is worth every single penny. And...well, lets just say that it has had me slavering and drooling over it for months, spending only what I absolutely must, and building up a sizeable pile of cash in the bank. Of which, that polonium slice is being bought up first, and then I go reagent shopping, with whatever is left. I spent a fair bit, nearly 500 dollars, although that'll be equal to less in GBP, and I'd over a thousand pounds in the bank.
Already bought up a lot of glassware, a good many pieces and items I've wanted for a while. The 4-neck round-bottom flask of 5-liter capacity is especially sweet.
But if its still available, that polonium 210 sample in its borosilicate glass vial, an actual visible sample of elemental polonium metal that will be sweetest of all. And I want it....I MUST have it if it is still possible to grab it.
And a new, powerful vac pump.
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Whats that damnable stench......ugh. I KNOW I smell something of the mercaptan (thiol, R-SH, the analog of an alcohol where sulfur replaces oxygen) breed. I just don't get where from because I sure as hell haven't made any, and there obviously hasn't been a gas leak for days on end. Had to move, of all things a pillow (well sofa cushion but I sleep on the sofa so it was a pillow for me...and I KNOW its not me. I KNOW what its like to accidentally cause something to form a mercaptan in-vivo and its definitely, definitely not me. I'd be able to smell me from several hundred meters away easily if there were any significant amounts coming out of ME. And people would start running from an equally long distance down the street in the open air.)
(Oh, and correction.....I meant, in the other post with reference to the radioactive metal plated onto gold, as a display piece..its not 210Po, its technetium metal, as 99Tc, although still plated onto a gold strip. I done gone derped for a moment there before)...I do mean 99Tc though, the transition metal, not polonium, the metalloid heavier, radioactive alpha-emitter answer to sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and then Po.) My bad. Mea Maxima Culpa.
Still got to have it for my collection though. I think that'd be the piece around which I actually build the frame and display case for wall-mounting, since its such a rare and well-made real beaut of a piece.
Bought some pipettes (1-2ml or so, with removable bulbs so they can be used on larger (longer) ones too), those came, as well as some graduated measuring cylinders, that unlike the one I had (currently occupied, mostly by a protective filling of degassed water, but at the bottom, with a small sample of the white allotrope of phosphorus, prepared by my good self, by means of a means similar in practice to what they call 'destructive distillation', which is pyrolysis of a substance to be subjected to the technique using a container to hold the substance to be destructively distilled, and exclusion or depletion of oxygen from the container, in this case, the vessel was filled with argon, and more argon used to sweep the white phosphorus vapors liberated from a sample of red phosphorus heated in the absence of air, through the long, deep graduated cylinder filled with ice cold water to solidify the vapor as a chunk of white, waxy, pyrophoric solid, traces taken from which glow in the dark if applied to a substrate, like a piece of brick or glass in the dark) Done outside of course, and just as well for I need a new alembic as a result, as my last one got too hot and broke, resulting in an instantaneous whomping great fireball of glowing white flaring flame with a greenish under-tint to it, like white phosphorus has when you see small quantities, or else its too cold for it to autoignite straight away.
That though, wasn't, and I lost several hundred grams of red phos, or rather, red turned to white phosphorus, forming an orangey yellow liquid, that was boiling and refluxing fairly vigorously in the alembic. And the tiny traces of oxygen not removed by the repeated argon purge were causing it to glow with that spectacular and really quite pretty, even if somewhat eerie green phosphorescent acid-green glow.
Needless to say, I am very glad indeed, not that I'd ever have even attempted such a preparation without it, and lots of it, that I was wearing overkill with regards to protective gear, to prevent any skin contact (if one is burned by white phosphorus, and doesn't immediately dig it out of you, under-water and there is enough it can easily literally burn right through you until it comes out of the other side, leaving concentrated strong acid (orthophosphoric acid, H3PO4) in its way, from the violently exothermic reaction with water of the anhydride, phosphorus pentoxide, which one sees as huge billowing clouds of corrosive, dense, white acidic smoke when white phosphorus burns, and which is both strongly acidic itself, and a real bastard of a heavy duty dessicant, that for acid-tolerant substrates, if it CAN be dessicated, phosphorus pentoxide is the way to do it and be bloody thorough about it, stuff makes no bones about that, its even strong enough to dehydrate concentrated sulfuric acid, all the way to sulfur trioxide, the anhydride of H2SO4 IIRC, although I've never actually attempted to do so, because I've never needed to, and I don't really want SO3 around if I can help it without having a good reason to. Conc. sulfuric acid is itself one of the most powerful acidic dessicants going that one might encounter in a lab, and pouring it onto sugar will suck the water right out of the hydroxyl groups and after a lot of stinking and smoking, the sugar expands in its container, with the release of a LOT of heat, to form a lump of foamy carbon as the H2SO4 hydrates. To DO that, to dehydrate H2SO4 to sulfur trioxide...that takes the drying agent equivalent of an anti-ship missile scoring a direct hit. Against a canoe :autism:
And a big anti-ship rocket at that! Although it produces a fucking ton of heat (phosphorus (V) oxide) when it hydrates irreversibly to form H3PO4, easily enough to char organics to carbon ash, and start fires while doing it too. Not the cheapest dessicant for sale, but if the substrate will tolerate acid, then, used carefully after pre-drying via distillation, more conventional and less violent and brutal dessicants then it will get the job DONE. Its the mike tyson (that psychotic fuck ear-biting-off-er black boxer) of drying agents. Pricy, and you need to be careful with the glassware too, because hot, concentrated phosphoric acid etches glass. So it has to be added slowly and carefully bit by bit and handled in a dry-box while measuring/weighing or having a container of phosphorus (V) oxide open, and it can't be recycled by means of using heating the bejeesis out of phosphoric acid either, so its one-shot-only, unlike many drying agents, including conc. H2SO4 that can be redried thermally, at least not unless a phosphate salt is prepared with the acid, dried thoroughly and mixed with charcoal dust and fine silica powder, then heated to over a thousand degrees 'C, and the vapors condensed under inert atmosphere to give (white) elemental phosphorus, a process which is a modernization of the first discovery of the element phosphorus by Hennig Brandt, the alchemist who first prepared elemental phosphorus in any of its allotropes (white), by a laborious and frankly quite unpleasant sounding task of boiling down vats of putrefying human urine 'until it breedeth worms' and roasting the resultant carbonized, phosphate-rich ashed solid residue from the putrescent maggoty piss (which isn't necessary, the putrefaction or the maggots, bet ol' Brandt would have had a much happier time if he knew he could phosphate from rocks rather than boiling down hundreds of liters of rotting piss) in a furnace, with a specially sealed retort and distilling off the white phosphorus fumes and condensing them into solid WP.
Generally nasty stuff to handle, but useful synthetically for preparing other reagents like phosphorus halides, about as toxic as cyanide (as KCN, lethal dosage is about 40-50mg, so perhaps slightly more toxic than potassium cyanide), bursts into flame, leaves VERY painful wounds that heal slowly and in case of a sub-lethal exposure, leave the affected part very weak in terms of a kind of shaky palsied partial paralysis for some time (a little speck, the size of a match-head inflicting a burn is enough to do so. At least it is to a child, not sure about an adult, I've never been burned by the stuff as an adult, and I don't want to either. It hurt enough and left nasty enough effects for long enough for once to be twice too many. I got off lightly with a lot of pain, followed by shaking and near paralysis, and complete inability to grip even a pencil in the hand attached to the affected arm, which was afflicted thus all the way up to past the elbow, the burn itself being sited just past the wrist joint, on the upper side, closest end towards the elbow) and it lasted for weeks, and my having to avoid some rather hard to answer questions at school as to why I was persistently writing with my left hand..I think they thought I was taking the piss (historical pun intended), if not the rotting, maggoty fermented piss...but in a LFA school I could hardly very well answer the teachers 'I was up past my bed time, roasting red phosphorus and distilling the white allotrope. Don't mind me, accident with something about as nasty as cyanide give or take 5-10mg, its just paralyzed my arm, temporarily, I think...
Because chances are, they'd have fucking freaked if they even had so much as an idea that I had as much as the ability to prepare phosphorus or cyanides :P The little kid that rocked and flapped and was DX LFA....up all night long, never mind past 'bed time' (at least the time I was ordered by parental units to retreat to my lab...err...bedroom, at the time...well...both...had to piss with the dick I had, so to speak at that age. One end of the room held a bed, plus a crop of weed plants under lights and reflectors made of tin-foil to increase efficiency underneath, whilst the other had a bench from wall to wall, along with a wide range of wood and metalworking equipment, a closet full of chemical reagents, and various bits of glassware and home-made metal, ceramic etc. retorts, crucibles and the like, bottles of acid underneath the bench...HCl, phosphoric, formic acids, concentrated (as strong as 98%) sulfuric acid, perchloric acid (!) (HClO4 doesn't fuck about, its one of the strongest inorganic acids encountered in most labs, and has a nasty tendency, over a certain concentration to explode, or if spilled, react with things like bench tops, or the fumes to react with the insides of ducting in fume hoods to form explosive perchlorate derivatives. And its stronger, in terms of proton donating capacity, and hence acidity, than pure, 100% sulfuric acid)
Lets just say that I had....how should I put it...a somewhat unusual nocturnal life, as (and for) a kid. By day, a LFA spazz kid. By night, a beginning chemist LFA spazz kid. Like spider-man, only with stereotypy and a bent for some weird and wonderful (and occasionally accompanied by the odd detonation, one or two house-wide power cuts over the years, one of those accompanied by a rather loud bang and a shower of caustic, plus one of mom's vases blasted to smithereens and accompanied by a heavily modified mains plug, with the wires melted in a fraction of a second, although the noise of the explosion was probably covered up by the exploding vase...didn't know at the time I couldn't use AC current, and that I needed a step-down transformer and DC rectifier for molten caustic soda electrolysis, aimed at producing sodium metal She never did see that vase again. Neither did I, at least, not in any chunk wider than a couple of inches, although it started at about a foot and a bit tall and maybe 6-7 inch wide) experimenting.
Beginner's mistake, and one of a few on the road to becoming a lot more cautious, more talented and well-studied, and far, far far better equipped chemist. One has to start somewhere, no?
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And thats saying nothing about the odd (at times, VERY...errrmm...'odd') stench that I had no explanation for that I could give anybody and that'd fair turn your toenails curly in horror. At times worse than odd. Like the abyss just farted, followed through and shat its pants after a bad prawn curry.
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Hmm...nice. That IS interesting....
I just stumbled upon, by chance really, during reading up on phosphorus halides, an interesting reducing agent, namely diphosphorus tetraiodide, which seemingly will under very mild conditions, and forming phosphorus based byproducts insoluble in the reaction solvent, (ethers) induce beckmann rearangement of ketoximes, and as it happens, formation of nitriles (organic cyanides, which generally, although not exclusively, are MUCH less toxic than ionic cyanides that easily liberate free cyanide anion), from aldoximes. And THAT, was precisely the sort of thing that falling into my lap, metaphorically speaking, is just the thing I wanted to hear. Means I might have a shot at a certain reaction I very much want to try for synthesis of a couple of intriguing end products, the intermediate I had planned involved an inorganic cyanide, such as sodium or potassium cyanide, which are toxic as hell, as is well known, and capable of a very quick kill, long before an ambulance gets to the scene, for production of a desired nitrile intermediate followed by reduction of the nitrile to the amine and an alkylation.
Now I think I've found just what I want. Would mean I have to reduce a carboxylic acid to an aldehyde, which might be a bit tricky; but its the sort of synthetic transformation that every chemist and his dog would like to have in their book of tricks, and under the mildest possible conditions too, so people will have tried. I have the terminal carboxylic acid in question that I want the corresponding acetonitrile derivative of (a substituted, in this case, derivative of acetonitrile, aka methyl cyanide) to then reduce to the amine. That I know I can do easily enough (the nitrile to amine reduction), haven't looked yet, but if I can find a reductive monoalkylation or even dialkylation of the substituted methyl cyanide in question...then I'm in business and smiling all the way, because at no step will I have to ever produce, buy, store, handle or use ionic cyanides.
And compared to say, NaCN or KCN or hydrogen cyanide gas, which takes maybe 40-50mg to probably kill somebody within as little as a minute or two, acetonitrile itself, you just wear gloves and a gas mask and avoid drinking it or bathing in it and your golden.
It IS capable of delayed slower releasing of cyanide anion if ingested but acetonitrile isn't particularly nasty, I've got IIRC a liter of acetonitrile itself/methyl cyanide (which is giving me more ideas just thinking about the MeCN for going about it an altogether different way, essentially in reverse, and potentially, if I were to use isopropyl cyanide, although I haven't got any iPrCN in the fridge as I do acetonitrile/methyl cyanide, I could doubtless either buy it or make it. ) and its not scary, in fact I've about as much nervousness about use of acetonitrile as a solvent by the flask full as I do about ether. Although I wouldn't drink acetonitrile, whilst diethyl ether makes for a viable cocktail ingredient and alcohol substitute, thats actually preferable to alcohol IMO.
Actually, ether scares me more, although not much. Ether, THF etc. can peroxidize in storage once allowed access to oxygen, although they can be tested and treated to destroy peroxides easily enough and regular testing ensures your ethers don't form nasty alkylidene peroxides or hydroperoxides that have a nasty property of being both explosive and coming with, as things that go 'boom' and convert fridges, lab benches, fume hoods etc. and glassware into new ceiling ornamentally arranged shrapnel-hailstorms. (never happened to me, but I've heard many tales of crusty antique bottles of ether and the like, forgotten about in the back of a uni lab etc. and tearing a room to pieces, blasting the windows out and starting a fire in the process)...I'm more careful about that.
In fact just thinking about it makes me want to go and buy a potato and a bottle of cheapo dilute 3-12% etc. hydrogen peroxide or some sodium peroxide etc. for safe calibration and test my ether, my DIPE and my THF. Too late to go out and buy a potato now (the test strips work by the characteristic color change induced by iodine in the elemental state with starch. One soaks the paper in starch, such as solution made from boiling down potatoes, which are rich in starch, or I could just get some laundry starch spray etc. and also in potassium or sodium iodide. I have some KI, and it doesn't take much.
The oxidizing nature of the peroxide oxidizes the iodide anion to free iodine which reacts with the starch to form a blue-black color, the deeper the color the more oxidizing the conditions, and ergo, in a situation where the known oxidant is a peroxide, the relative contamination can be deduced by the intensity of the color change by application of a drop of the ether/s to be tested to a strip of the prepared KI or NaI+starch paper. Like a litmus paper test, only for making sure your ethers are nice and friendly like they ought to be (albeit flammable as the day is long, but thats just ethers for you, they are flammable, end of and no treatment will prevent that, its like asking for petrol that doesn't burn and fuel cars, or water that isn't wet and containing two hydrogen/hydrogen isotope atoms and one of oxygen per molecule. Flammable is something I can live with, unstable boom bye bye lab and a fridge through the roof on the other hand, is much less desirable.)
So, although I've not opened it, that 5l of tetrahydrofuran should be tested on principle, although its not old, and is kept in a fridge when not in use, and also the empty headspace of a container of THF or any other ether is topped off, and the liquid portion sparged with argon as an inert gas to drive out oxygen wherever it makes sense to do so, so properly treated there is no more problem with them than there is other solvents of equal or lesser toxicity.
And as for that nitrile...(not the acetonitrile I use as a solvent, the substituted one I have in mind as an intermediate. That, that can definitely make for some looking into now, much more encouraging to use diphosphorus tetraiodide, than cyanide salts or worse, HCN (at least the inorganic metal cyanides are just toxic, and liberate hydrogen cyanide on treatment with acids, they aren't highly volatile like cyanide gas (HCN) is), and if I can I'd far sooner prepare and use the diphosphorus tetraiodide, especially if the conditions are as mild as the abstract of the article I've seen so far (just need to pull the full article) claims and the yields as high as they make out (up to 95% in some cases) which would be very good, and better most likely yield wise, plus involving no inorganic cyanide salts...if the nitrile I have in mind gives as good a yield as that, or reasonable even, within the scope (45-90-95% depending on substrate) then this is looking better by the moment. Might even be able to use acetonitrile for something a little different than I had planned as a test case, say, formaldoxime to acetonitrile, and acetone oxime to test the beckmann rearrangement. I already have some acetone ketoxime prepared as a test case study actually, as simple practice in forming oximes themselves (via reaction with hydroxylamine hydrochloride, or the re-calculated for higher molar wt. of the sulfate ion compared to the HCl counterion if NH2OH sulfate is used in lieu of NH2OH.HCl, although I don't have to stress myself out with the math since my hydroxylamine is the hydrochloride, and use of a very mild base such as sodium carbonate or sodium acetate to deprotonate the hydroxylammonium salt to the base in-situ (the base isn't stable especially when heated, but thats avoided by in-situ formation, where its produced as fast as its consumed in the reaction itself rather than preparing and isolating the base separately)
Would be super-sweet if I can work out a one-pot for the nitrile>amine>secondary or tertiary amine and if I can find a way to go from carboxylic acid>nitrile in a one-pot, then oh so much the better. Smiling all the way to the bank, as the expression goes. Especially at the no-cyanide-anion part. That I like very much, and oximes are not vicious evil bastards like cyanides, they can be difficult to crystallize, but the oxime functional group itself isn't virulent. Actually some oximes such as pralidoxime, obidoxime and others are used as part of the 3-component injector kits used by the military in counter-chemical warfare, to reactivate poisoned acetylcholinesterase enzyme if soldiers are poisoned by nerve agents. And the aldoxime I have in mind shouldn't be evil stuff, and in any case, I'm not about to start rubbing it into my eyes, snorting lines of it, sticking it up my ass or any other method of delivery :autism:
this P2I4 compound is stable too, unlike the other phosphorus iodides known, and I have both red phosphorus and iodine (no, not for making meth). A little white phosphorus too. And if white phosphorus is needed for preparation of diphosphorus tetraiodide then so be it, I can prepare white from red easily enough, done that several times, even a kid could do it (albeit one got burned accidentally by the WP once, but he WAS a nipper just starting out in chemistry at the time)
Not difficult though, especially not on the scale of a a bit more or less than 10g of phosphorus, if I need the white, and as for the red, I've 2kg of that, minus any I've used already, and that just sits there until its called upon to react with something, or somebody does something like apply a flame, in which case it will catch fire and cause a massive smoke cloud of acid-smog, but as far as handling goes, red phosphorus, unlike white P, it isn't pyrophoric (I.e doesn't spontaneously catch fire of its own accord if left to its own devices), it isn't highly toxic (its used in fact in small amounts on the striker pads of safety match boxes, where meth cooks apparently spend time buying loads of those and scraping the red phosphorus off, and when I was just a little kid, got my first gram or two of red P for experimenting on preparing and using white phosphorus)
But no need to do that for me, since that 2kg certainly didn't come a few tens of mg at a time from matchboxes. All nice clean crud and additive-free lab-grade fine quality red P courtesy, originally of sigma-aldrich, one of the biggest chem companies out there, albeit one that won't so much as wipe their arses with citizen scientist's orders, they wouldn't even answer them to say 'no, piss off' afaik. But, as they say, 'where there is a will, there is a way. Or a dead relative'
And in my case, I didn't inherit my phosphorus from a dead grandparent etc. Just sitting there waiting for me to find that interesting looking diphosphorus tetraiodide article and to pull the full paper with sci-hub :) yay! no cyanide! not something any chemist is likely to bitch about not having to use :LOL1:
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And, although I need either a pair of adapters to use the cows I have already with it to mount a short length of glass tubing leading to a pair of 24/40 or 24/29 male joints, my forkhead adapter arrived today.
It seems like there is more and more glassware arriving every day, every time I see a crate arrive or a styrofoam box wrapped in yellow packing tape, or the occasional rather distinctive blue dense styrofoam-like material crate-boxes for mediumweight loads of multiple lighter glass items (along with more fucking packing peanuts than I know what to do with, unless I decide to save it all up and after melting it down, subject it to a thermal depolymerization and Willgerodt reaction and make some phenylacetic acid, which is worth selling off, as stinky and toxic-gas-evolving as the Willgerodt-Kindler is, using styrene as a feedstock from pyrolysis of polystyrene back to styrene monomer, or valuable intermediates like styrene epoxide etc. or its epichlorhydrin and the like could be a way to, using sulfur and a few basic chemicals, perform the Willgerodt and flog off the resulting styrene derivatives after purification and distillation from glassware once pyrolyzed and all the accompanying likely tars and polymeric glorp (technical term that, highly technical, is 'polymeric glorp'. Its the technical scientific term for, well, glorpy shite thats polymerized and needs nasty treatment of glassware with pricier reagents, and better dealt with by using disposable stuff made of cast iron, tin cans and shite of that kind, in a 'fuck 'em , burn 'em and chuck 'em' kind of way. Sort of what you'd do with a really ugly drunken one night stand if you were that type, only with more blowtorching involved :autism:
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Heh as it happens, based on some reading I've been doing, I might just have use for a pyrolytic tube furnace, for a vapor-phase pyrolytic oxidative decarboxylation of a certain diphenylcarboxylic acid, using either a thorium dioxide based catalytic system, or perhaps a manganese salt-doped magnesium oxide impregnated onto activated charcoal, or onto porous ceramic like zeolites..wonder if my molecular sieves, if I got some with a pore size bigger than 3A (3 angstrom, a unit of atomic width), not sure how a manganese-dopant impregnated thorium dioxide catalytic furnace tube would perform. Although thorium is radioactive, although manageably so. And its looking like the magnesium oxide, spiked with IIRC trivalent manganese will be the better catalyst. Or alternatively I could go via pyrolysis of the lead salt of the acid itself, or possibly of its calcium salt. Not sure which works best though, calcium or lead.
Either way would provide my desired ketone. Or else I can look into amination routes via either cyanide-based or diphosphorus tetraiodide based synthesis and reduction of the nitrile to an amine.
I've heard whisper, of in the case of a different arylcarboxylic acid, phenylacetic acid, that yields with one of the nitrile routes to an amine, although it is a secondary amine that I need rather than directly a primary amine, and need to avoid reductive decyanation of course going via the diphenylalkylcyanide that is in mind. Reduction, yes but not the decyanation part, since it'd be the alkyl cyanide that provides the amine moiety upon reduction.
Got me a neat little biology project in the pipelines too. Something that targets not one, not two but three most sought after targets. And in combination too with two of either as a pair, but three? that'll be the ideal perfect storm in a single molecule.
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Now theres a bugger. Looks like the synthesis of that diphosphorus tetraiodide is quite easy, by a spontaneous disproportionation reaction of the unstable phosphorus triiodide in dry diethyl ether, to afford a solid, albeit water-sensitive, tractable solid crystalline reagent.
The phosphorus triiodide is easy enough, starting from red phosphorus and iodine. I am a BIT short on iodine, but only in the sense of its getting to be time to buy another couple of kg and bung it in the chemicals fridge, and use up what I have from my last tub full of I2. It isn't stable in the sense of being suitable for preparation of PI3 and keeping it in a bottle on the shelf, rather, its typically made in-situ due to its not being too stable, but its synthesis itself is easy, and in the case of P2I4, we WANT it to be unstable, otherwise it wouldn't disproportionate now, would it :autism:
But making it isn't difficult. Its the reagent formed in-situ by meth cooks reducing pseudoephedrine with elemental (red) phosphorus and iodine, kicked off by just a trace of water to allow the reaction to first begin. And preparing it (although I've never done so in an ethereal solvent mind you) is very easy, by simply mixing together elemental iodine and the red allotrope of phosphorus. I've still got most of 2kg of red P, bought at a discount since I took advantage of the opportunity to grab some in bulk and took more than their 1kg minimum quantity order; that I picked up for two reasons, mostly for making other phosphorus-based reagents such as phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride and the other halides of that sort and other less well known but still potentially very useful phosphorus-requiring reagents (its probably my favourite chemical element too, due to its A-having such a huge variety of interesting allotropic forms of the element with such widely differing physical and chemical properties, from the flammable, but not acutely particularly toxic red phosphorus, to the deadly-poisonous [about as toxic on a weight basis as potassium cyanide] white phosphorus, a waxy, soft solid which can be cut with a knife like a piece of cheese, and which if not stored under water, or other suitable containment, spontaneously bursts into a blinding white flaring flame with a lurid greenish tinge, due to the fact that it is the source of the word 'phosphorescence' and glows in the dark, in either small quantities too small to, or if in larger amounts, before it has had time to burst into flames, with a green glow that in the dark, one can write on paper with a stick with a blob of white phosphorus on the end and watch the writing appear, before finally igniting and burning the letters through the paper, to the black allotropes, nontoxic, not a flame hazard, difficult and demanding to make, and black, and taking on a layer-structure in sheets of phosphorus atoms, akin to graphite, and like graphite, possessed of electrical conductivity, to violet phosphorus, which isn't very well known, and takes quite some effort from what I've read, to make it, the easiest way, apparently being to sandwich red phosphorus between layers of lead metal, under inert gas, potentially with trace levels of doping chemicals as a catalyst in the phosphorus, hold it for at least 24 hours under molten lead, and then slowly, slowly, a few degrees at a time, recrystallize it from the molten lead before finally dissolving away the lead once cooled using nitric acid..been planning to prepare samples of them all, as display pieces for a periodic table showcase, red phosphorus obviously being first, since that takes no more preparation of a sample than putting some in a vial, under some inert gas then sealing the ampoule. Then white, in its various cubic, monoclinic etc. forms, that I can begin with as the first needing any effort more than pouring some out of a tub of something I already have, by heating red phosphorus under dry inert gas in a retort, using a blowtorch, and distilling it out into a long, deep column filled with ice-cold water topped off with a slurry of salted ice to condense the phosphorus vapors, then finally, cleaning off the oxides that make it white, which, I have read of someone doing, using a dichromate-concentrated sulfuric acid bath, then cleaning away the acid carefully by remelting under water, removing oxidizing agents..I want to see if I can prepare a crystal-clear sample like that and actually have it STAY that way, by doing the whole cleanup in boiled then vacuum-degassed, vacuum-distilled and argon-sparged ultrapure water, then ampouling it, after dessication, by carefully remelting it as many times as needed whilst standing over phosphorus pentoxide, a truly nutty-strong dehydrating agent, capable even of intramolecular dehydration of anhydrous sulfuric acid to form SO3, but without oxidizing properties, and finally sealing the amp under inert gas after repeatedly vacuum-purging a chamber built for the purpose, possibly using electrical heating to melt the glass of the amp neck....it would just be really neat if its possible to have a sample of ultra-pure WP that has been cleaned so thoroughly that the white color disappears and instead what is left, is clear, and have it storable. Using glass with additives to block ultraviolet light if needs be, which contributes seemingly to the normal discoloration of regular-purity white P.
As for my P2I4 synthesis, for dehydration-cyanidation of a carboxylic acid to a nitrile (nitriles are organic cyanides), which is a rather unusual type of reaction, but definitely a very neat one, and all the more so if I need no ionic cyanides at any point, for obvious reasons)....very slick. The one downside...looks like I need to run it in anhydrous carbon disulfide. I should be able to get some, and dry it. BUT...its not easy to obtain, even for me, via buying it. It doesn't seem to come up on ebay either, not for want of looking. Its toxic, it smells foul unless very, very pure due to thiophene impurities, when extremely pure it is said to smell ether-like, although I've no desire to inhale any to find out. And it is the mother of satan when it comes to flammability. Never worked with it, but from what I have read, dipping a glass rod in hot water, and touching the warmed glass rod to some CS2 is sufficient to ignite it. It isn't actually pyrophoric, per se, just has a ludicrously low temperature at which it will catch fire, needing only to be warm, no flames or sparks or static discharge needed, just a warm glass rod, at a temperature which wouldn't even burn human skin and enough oxygen to allow combustion to take place.
Although the dehydration-cyanidation reaction of the diarylalkyl carboxylic acid to form the corresponding nitrile intermediate I have in mind can be run in certain other solvents, most notably carbon tetrachloride (which I'd either have to put some significant effort into making from scratch, probably via chlorinating chloroform, which if I didn't buy or have someone wishing to trade me reagents for some chloroform, benzene and a couple of other things, I'd make by means of the haloform reaction, using sodium hypochlorite and caustic alkali such as lye or caustic potash [NaOH/KOH respectively] on acetone as the substrate. Yields aren't wunderbar, and it takes a large volume of liquid to prepare a decent volume of chloroform that way, and it is quite an exothermic reaction, gets pretty hot whilst its cooking up one's chloroform from scratch, but it could be the ideal baptism for my new 4-neck 5 liter flask :)
And it isn't like bleach and caustic are expensive, or acetone for that matter. And I already have some acetone, and can easily buy more if I want, got plenty of caustic soda and a kg of caustic potash [I use NaOH a LOT, but relatively little KOH, primarily I keep it around for either occasional use when NaOH isn't quite strong enough to deprotonate something in need of deprotonation but KOH will do so, without having to resort to alkoxides, sodamide, potassium hydride [from weaker to stronger and increasingly dangerously reactive in > order, to say nothing of increasing stepwise in the same order in terms of being difficult to make or buy and more expensive to do either. Generally effort goes up in every sense there*
*actually I have a theory. That there is actually a linear relationship between how useful a chemical is and how expensive, difficult to find or make, and dangerous it is likely to be. The how low-use a given chemical is, being inversely proportional to the summed modalities of difficulty x cost+rarity.
I don't think it'd make for a uni thesis, but I've a distinct hunch that I am in fact, correct there. The more useful it is, the more its going to cost you and the bigger the ache in the bollocks it will be to make any, the lower your yields and the more dangerous the process is going to be, and the more flammable, poisonous, corrosive, difficult to contain, foul-smelling, foul tempered and the greater the likelihood of it being pyrophoric the end product will be.
In the case of CS2..the production process involves passing sulfur in vaporized, gaseous form through a tube furnace packed with coke as a carbon source and heating it to several hundred degrees, accompanied by an input of inert gas to prevent its just igniting, then carefully, meticulously condensing the searing hot carbon disulfide vapor down from red-hot coke temperature to room temperature or preferably below it as much as possible, before distilling it under inert atmosphere with a warm-water bath. Sulfur is a total pain in the arse if you need it in gaseous form, because whilst melting, it gets thick and viscous, like thickened motor oil, and there is bugger all way I'm using any of my lab glass to vaporise it from.
Instead if I have to make some for the solvent in my P2I4 R-COOH>R-C=-N inorganic cyanide free cyanidation reaction. I'll weld up a disposable metal still that I can fill up, torch from the outside or electrically heat, with a thin pipe connection with a one-way valve away from the heat to avoid melting it, that I can hook up to a cylinder of argon and a regulator, since the CS2 is hard to buy (not sure about price, I've never bought carbon disulfide before, or made it, or worked with it.
Only experience of it is reading of its properties and character, it'll be a new one on me, short of having my nose in a chemistry textbook or journal reference. Not a first date I entirely look forward to. But, all the same, it does have its niche, specialist uses, and also it acts as an excellent solvent for sulfur, or for white phosphorus
[although a solution of WP in such a volatile and flammable, rapidly evaporating solvent is also a pretty incendiary kettle of fish to deal with and require the utmost care to be taken in preparation, use and handling of it, not something I'd even make up and keep, but rather, prepare, if ever I need WP in CS2, just the quantity that I am going to require then and there for a specific task at hand, make it and use it, so as to have no leftovers of such a volatile and dangerous mixture of toxic, pyrophoric WP in a toxic solvent with a hell of a low boiling point and that needs very little encouragement whatsoever to catch fire without anything else in it]
After that though it looks alright. Once the CS2 is in hand, and the organocyanide is formed, reportedly within a couple of hours, at room temperature when conducted in carbon disulfide, with yields up to 90% for some substrates and typically at least 80something percent, then distillation and recycling of the carbon disulfide will be a piece of piss, given the insanely low boiling point, and that distillations under inert gas (or vacuum distillation, but I'll do it under inert gas because vac distillation lowers the boiling point of whatever it is thats being distilled, which is often as not, the entire point of doing it under vacuum in the first place) are nothing new to me.
Followed by one of the reductions of nitriles to primary amines in the literature, whichever after some research and digging around seems to be likely to provide the highest yield of the primary amine intermediate. First potential candidate being in-situ formation of STAB (Na triacetoxyborohydride) from sodium borohydride (got plenty NaBH4 so no need to buy any more yet, got it stored under argon, in solid 1g-unit tablet form so less surface area to react with oxygen, the bottle of NaBH4 tablets itself, stored in the same metal outer can it came in from the factory, with the top cut out, and replaced by an improvised air shield consisting of the bubble-wrap pouch that a piece of my glassware came in stretched over the outer rim of the end of the metal can, the can itself, like the bottle, being purged with dry argon) NaBH4 already has a good shelf life too, its a lot more tractable and stable than most hydride reducing agents, to the point that it isn't even pyrophoric, and can even in some cases be used in aqueous or partially aqueous solvent systems! whereas say, sodium hydride, if a spatula-full be thrown at arm's length, whilst wearing a blast shield and goggles etc., into a bucket of water, then the result is an instantaneous decomposition, a sodding great plume of hydrogen and potentially catching fire, taking the hydrogen with it. The 'potentially' being a matter of only a spatula tip being thrown into the water. Larger amounts in contact with water, or atmospheric moisture are going to violently burst into flames and a large evolution of flammable hydrogen gas. Needless to say it needs very cautious storage and handling. Borohydride is pretty damn tame, compared. Although it bucks the trend of my little hypothesis about the linear relationship between price+propensity to bite your face off and crap on your skinless screaming skull afterwards, since its still really, really useful stuff for a large variety of uses. Not the easiest of reagents to buy but easy enough that ebay can often be a viable source :autism:
Once the nitrile is reduced to the corresponding primary amine via whatever route is eventually chosen as seeming best after research, the final step is, for the main end target (I've two, possibly three that I consider worth directing research time and resources at), reductive di-methylation to a tertiary amine. Not usually the easiest reaction, to react a primary amine and end up with either secondary or tertiary amines, sec.amines being particularly hard; because they become progressively more nucleophilic as they go from primary through secondary and most of all, tertiary amines, and its really easy, and in most reactions the result is peralkylation all the way to the quaternary ammonium salt. It is possible to effect dequaternization reactions, in some cases at least but thats one more step and ergo, less yield and more cleaning up to do.
But since this is a methylation, for the main target of interest, I plan to form an imine using excess formaldehyde and HCOOH as a hydrogen donor to go direct to the tertiary amine forming an intermediate secondary amine in the process via a subsequent imine or iminium ion, but its transient as the reaction goes on without isolating the 2' amine to afford the methylated tertiary desired. That is known as Eschweiler-Clarke methylation, and ends without quaternization since it relies on the formation of an imine or iminium species and the tertiary amine cannot form one, unlike a primary or secondary amine, so thusly that undesired, and usually significant or complete quaternization of the starting amine. And from then, after the Eschweiler-Clarke, its a matter of cleaning and recrystallizing to the desired standard of purity, and performing the usual analytical tests such as either TLC or paper chromatography and melting point tests of various salts, the freebase etc. on samples of a few milligrams a piece, packed into a microcapillary tube, strapped to a thermometer at the top with a rubber band and immersed in the oil filling of my Thiele tube. Once it passes my tests for purity, then my labors will be complete, and my target compound will be there, finished and sparkling clean as a pretty pile of crystals :)
And as far as the overall scheme goes, the end compound is known, and data like melting point, TLC RF values etc. are known, but the actual reaction I designed myself.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiele_tube)
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Oooohhh.....looks like I've just found a particularly powerful vacuum pump within my price range, a diaphragm type, that is capable of getting right the way down to just 10 millibar, digitally controlled, and needs no oil being a diaphragm pump. I like it already. I'll still do some more window shopping on ebay but this might just be it, unless I can find an even more powerful one.
$364 total, inc. shipping, USD
Would be perfect IMO for vacuum distillation of a certain oxime that a colored sample of needs vac distillation to prepare a perfect white crystalline sample, and stop its tendency to oil out, like oximes are so wont to do.
Might buy myself a multistage rotary vane pump whilst I'm at it too as well.
Although I also need to buy some sensitive vacuum gauges in order to be able to control and monitor the vacuum in the systems its being used to evacuate, such as my rotovap, for vacuum distillation etc.
And I should have enough money for 3-4x those tall but narrow fritted buchner w/vacuum takeoff as well as for the pump I want, plus MAYBE also the multiple-stage rotary vane pump, buy some cryogenic traps for it to stop anything nasty getting close to the insides of my pumps.
Now I just need to FIND THAT DAMNED CARBON DISULFIDE!!! even if its just ten liters, hell, its a solvent that I only use very very rarely, for specialized purposes, and even a 5 liter can would last me a long time, especially with distilling it off and recycling every last drop I can redistill to recycle for reuse. Which with my solvents, I do wherever possible, its both better for the environment, and also better by far for my bank balance when I can use repeatedly washed, then distilled and re-distilled purified solvent for another reaction, and another, and another and another, for as many times as its practical to recover the used stuff and clean it back up to standard.
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Just a few pics I took of some new toys and resources :)
First, I'll introduce you to an aborted attempt to produce hydrogen bromide as the anhydrous gas, although it will be recycled, so to speak, in the sense of being used to convert it all to bromine.
(edit-img fixed, this be the brominator)
(https://s7.postimg.cc/v36k197ej/HBr_and_Br2_being_produced.jpg)
The funnel shaped like an inverted pear with a ] shaped side-arm connecting itself to itself, is a pressure equalized addition funnel, the sidearm allows the pressure to remain the same so long as the system isn't generating pressure and totally sealed, it was filled with concentrated sulfuric acid, a bit under 100%. Proved too oxidizing for my needs, oxidizing the HBr to bromine, Br2, its a halogen, the element under fluorine, then chlorine on the periodic table, positioned between the gaseous, greenish, sharp and swimming-pool-esque stomach turning chlorine gas, with its sharp biting sensation on contact with mucous membranes with the gas in sub-dangerous concentrationd
The top was plugged, so as to avoid the HBr gas coming out and escaping. Into a 2 neck flask, containing sodium bromide, and I'd jerry-rigged a couple of improv gas taps using the vacuum hose barbs on a pair of buchner funnels of the fritted type, and duct taping over the top since I couldn't find my gas taps :soapbox:.
This then led to the copper tubing you see, bent into a =U= shape, and stuffed with finely powdered (tens of microns in grain size) copper dust. This, is because sulfuric acid is also oxidizing to a degree, not the most powerfully oxidizing mineral acid but it still is, and in the case of producing hydrobromic acid, a pain in the ass too much so.
HBr is colorless gas in the pure state, whilst Br2, you can see there peeking out. The solid is excess sodium bromide, I'll add more acid and a little bit of hydrogen peroxide later, to make sure its all converted to Br2, salvage the synth by turning the byproduct into the intended product. Works for me.
The mixed bromine and HBr, bromine being the visible one of the two, the, the dark, ruddy brown, foul smelling (the word 'bromine' comes from the ancient greek 'bromos' meaning 'stench', which I find well deserved.)
Kinda rotten eggsy, sharp, pungent and penetrating, not the 'nasty smell, but of cleanliness and sterility' sort of odor of the other two practically speakable, smell-able halogens, chlorine, probably familiar to most, although similar to bleach, its sharper as the element and choking, caustic and irritant to the eyes, mucous membranes etc, fluorine being way, way way too damn dangerous to muck about with for anything but an indispensable reaction, and I have never encountered a good enough reason to have anything to do with fluorine, anything that takes a tiny dilute stream of the stuff to cause a house brick to burst into searing, incandescent flames spontaneously on contact, and that melts your bones and leaches the electrolytes out of your blood and turns the calcium content to insoluble sludge in your cardiovascular system, I find rather a turn-off and a pretty good set of reasons to declare it persona non grata in my lab. Its virulent stuff, elemental fluorine, and so are a lot of its compounds, although as a substituent group in org chem it does have uses alright, and ones I'm fine with, as a bioisostere for hydrogen and oxygen, but the element, its just vicious, most descriptions make it sound like a fucking nightmare.
It is. Its just worse than its made out to be. Eats glass, sets bricks on fire, sets...well most things, on fire on contact, most reactive of all the elements, most electronegative, which again means it has organic uses in biochem for when one wants a small substituent to mimic hydrogen, but that can't be chewed off, because carbon-fluorine bonds are, well, vicious, it grabs stuff and doesn't let go, personality summed up 'temperamental psychotic fuck with no regard for life or safety whatsoever and an electron klepto, with some serious issues forming attachments, once it does, it has an awful lot of difficulty letting go. Its like the borderline PD member of the periodic table. Even the unstable astatine and synthetic radioisotope superheavy element tennesine, want nothing to do with it so they run to the opposite end of the halogen group, leaving poor old chlorine stuck with the periodic table's biggest bastard as its next door neighbor.
So that, I've never smelled and don't plan to, because you can't be autistic if you are dead :spazz:, but chlorine smells..well like chlorine..iodine, sort of surgical, sort of like the seaside, its sort of sharp, very fresh smelling if that makes sense, cleanly and cleansing. Its a solid and doesn't give off dense vapors at room temperature, like Br2 would, or as a gas like Cl2 and F2, so its less concentrated typically, and not all horrible and choking. I actually find the smell of elemental iodine somewhat pleasant)
This HBr synthesis generating Br2 is now going to be turned into a Br2 synthesis giving off some HBr. Recycle, use for other things. I'm not about to let the valuable bromine content just up and escape, when it can be distilled off, cleaned, dried and bottled for when I actually want some bromine)
Its meant for (the HBr I wanted) cleaving an aryl methyl ether, in a rather nifty tandem demethylation to the phenol and, using anhydrous glacial acetic acid as the solvent for the reaction, forming the acetyl ester of phenol, which is my target in mind to begin with. And exploiting the leftover traces yet again, by adding methanol, to strip the otherwise high-boiling glacial acetic acid, using the strong acid (concentrated acetic acid, aka GAA, is a weak acid as it doesn't fully dissociate in aq. solution) and HBr a strong one, and a strong acid is needed to catalyze these sorts of esterifications, where one basically refluxes an alcohol with the acid to form the desired ester, its called a Fischer esterification, that reaction is to be used first to esterify the liberated intermediate phenol in-situ, then the added methanol is used to form the methyl ester of the reaction solvent, sidestepping a pain in the ass of a high boiling point, even under vacuum. And I can recycle the methyl acetate and use it as a solvent or perhaps reactant for something.
The plastic tubing on the far side of the copper =U= tube is when gassing to prepare the solution of HBr in GAA, just stuck in a flask full of glacial acetic acid, the heat turned on to strip bromine fumes out and a watch kept on the color of the GAA, since HBr is colorless and Br2 dark orange brown, plus the flask is placed on a digital weighing scale so I can calculate how much hydrogen bromide is actually entering and staying in the flask.
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And a few more random bits and pieces of recent acquisition and projects either done, doing etc.
Some diisopropylaminoethanol, picked it up in order to halogenate it and then rip that halogen off as a hydrogen halide, to get me some diisopropylethylamine, aka Hunig's base, a strong organic amine base, which due to the two bulky, in the way isopropyl groups plus further alkylation to the tertiary amine, as diisopropylethylamine, aka Hunig's base, means that its more or less non-susceptible to alkylation or other substititions, although it remains able to interact with protons so it doesn't end up further substituted itself, during nucleophilic substitutions in which a reagent to serve as a proton acceptor is requisite, as a non-nucleophilic base, due to its great steric hindrance.
So I managed to pick up those bottles of diisopropylaminoethanol. Just needs the alcohol group removing, to give Hunig's base, which is usually quite expensive, but this was cheaper than I'd expect Hunig's base to be. Got 'em on ebay, on a fairly cheap offer.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N,N-Diisopropylethylamine
(https://s7.postimg.cc/pf09aaxwb/diisopropylaminoethanol.jpg)
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A set of new fritted buchner funnels of various sizes, as well as some new Erlenmeyer flasks, the Buchners came with that thing with the pistol grip and vacuum gauge mounted on the top underneath the trigger, its not a super-strong one, but its a handheld manual vacuum pump thats meant for suctioning things from Buchner funnels during vacuum filtrations. Came free with that, plus some vacuum tubing bits and pieces and a few keck clips, just plastic ones, but they are free, so I'm not complaining. If I'll use them or not is another matter, I use stainless steel ones, since they aren't assaulted like the plastic ones are, well, not so easily, by some of the things I use in the lab, theres a few things in a few specially resistant bottles that even traces of any of them in vapor form, dilute or not, will rip those clips to shreds in minutes, and with longer exposure, even stainless steel is made to crumble away to dust by some of them.
(https://s7.postimg.cc/e2nnsl22z/Fritted_buchner_funnels_and_Erlenmeyer_flasks.jpg)
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(https://s7.postimg.cc/6zfsctjqz/2-oximino-propan-2-one.jpg)
These crystals are a result of my experimentation with oxime syntheses. I was practicing, basically, at the techniques themselves, and forming a ketoxime, I just went with the hydroxylamine HCl and sodium acetate to deprotonate it to the freebase, and the cheapest, most easily available bog standard go-to 'generic ketone' that is available to me, acetone.
This is the oxime of propan-2-one, aka acetone, 2-oximinopropane, aka acetone ketoxime, synthesized by reflux in ethanol as solvent, of the reactants acetone and hydroxylamine hydrochloride in a 1:1 molar ratio, plus sufficient NaOAc to deprotonate the hydroxylamine salt and prepare the needed hydroxylamine base in-situ (hydroxylammonium freebase is not something I keep around as it is, its unstable and can be dangerous) so its made in situ by using a mild base to deprotonate a hydroxylamine salt.
Oximes are often difficult to crystallize, and tend to oil out, although water is ideal for washing, because these oximes are well known as being insoluble in water almost totally. This acetone ketoxime I happened to look in on, months after it was synthesized on the scale of a few grams in mini-scale.
Very pretty glittering clear crystals, interspersed with a few little lumps or granules of aggregated less pure, yellowish pale colored ketoxime, these were discarded and manually picked out and thrown away, not much just a few grains and small aggregates. Leaving behind some clear crystals of acetone oxime. Very pretty IMO, coming as aggregates of well-formed much tinier individual crystals of glasslike clarity. Lovely looking, like tiny little diamonds fused together in bigger chunks of tiny diamonds if they were to be stuck together. Pretty, aren't they?
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(https://s7.postimg.cc/nafw9794b/Elemental_bromine_says_hello.jpg)
Bromine souffle' The solids are unreacted, excess sodium bromide, reacted with H2SO4 whilst seeking hydrogen bromide with the apparatus I meant to post and will edit, that I put up first in this series, needs some more H2SO4 and an oxidizer, to ensure all HBr is oxidized to elemental bromine, the dark liquid is elemental bromine, the liquid member of the halogens, below green, pongy, acrid chlorine gas and solid, silvery, metallic looking, beautiful iodine. (I have to admit, that the sight of big homogenous lumps of elemental iodine, looking for all the world, like little asteroids, metallic appearing, glittering, yet pitted and volatile, staining all it touches dark brown, yet when a little iodine be heated in fr.ex a closed test tube, the vapor is not brown at all, rather its a gorgeous shade of deep violet.
I'll need to react this excess NaBr with some more sulfuric acid and some hydrogen peroxide.
and then distill the result, under vacuum and wash and dry the resultant bromine, before consigning it to one of my special super-resistant bottles that I know can take the kinds of punches that get thrown at them, with the threads wrapped in teflon tape to ensure that nothing noxious gets out, considering the things I use those special reagent bottles for containing)
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Experimenting with another variation on producing Br2, this time, by passing a stream of chlorine gas, generated in the bottle with the white cap that you see to the left side of the flask, which has a filling of potassium permanganate, into which, via a length of plastic tubing grafted into the cap, a glass syringe is fitted, containing concentrated hydrochloric acid, dripped onto the permanganate, which oxidizes the HCl, giving off chlorine gas.
The Cl2 is then piped into the 2-necked RBF clamped to one of my clamp stands via a length of plastic tubing fitted to the end of a pipette (to avoid the plastic being in contact with the bromine and both turning it to goo, dirtying my flasks with something really nasty to have to get off again, and to avoid contamination of my bromine.)
Currently, its been successful in discharging a steady stream of chlorine gas into the solution of sodium bromide in the RBF, which rapidly turned the deep red you can see in this picture, I'm hoping that once I've passed enough chlorine through, the bromine, which has a limited solubility in water will start falling out and collecting on the bottom of the RBF. The process works by virtue of the more electronegative of the two halogens, chlorine, competes with the less electronegative bromine in the sodium bromide to get that extra electron it so hungers for, by snatching the sodium cation out from under the bromide anion's nose and becoming sodium chloride in the process, displacing poor little bromine from it's comfortable anionic sofa, since it was too weakly electrophilic to avoid that big ol' bully chlorine pulling the rug out from under it :autism:
https://s7.postimg.cc/vlyezrvgb/Bromine_water.jpg
It already stinks something pretty foul, a mixture of noxious fumes, chlorine and bromine vapor, Br2 smells IMO worse than chlorine, and I really don't like the odor of chlorine. Both are sharp, irritating, choking and acrid, penetrating sort of smells, that irritate or burn the mucous membranes and definitely are most unhealthy if inhaled. But where chlorine can have a sort of sanitary, disinfectant sort of smell, nasty as it is, Br2 is similar in that its sharp, penetrating, acrid/burning and irritant, but IMO it has a distinctly musty, dirty, soil or decay and rotten sort of note to it. Quite offensive to the nose.
Which means the other lot, that is up in the lab in a stoppered flask, of bromine, mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid, is going to have to be distilled to purify it. And I can't say as I'm looking forward to having to do the distillation. I think I'm going to go on ebay now and buy myself a couple of things-A-a new gas mask of the full face visor type, either cartridge based or with a direct hookup to a tank of compressed air and a regulator, operating in a pressure supplied or demand valve based mode,
B-a couple of tubes of a perfluorocarbon grease, resistant to attack from near anything and everything, because many greases are attacked and degraded by bromine fumes, chlorine gas, or any bromine monochloride that might form transiently, which if iodine monochloride is anything to go by, following general reactivity trends, its probably even worse. And I consider iodine trichloride to quite possibly be one of the most dangerous substances in my lab, its extremely aggressive, highly toxic stuff. ]
And its not going to get more pleasant when iodine is replaced by the far less tame, more oxidizing bromine. The trend is more or less the more electronegative the halogens in an interhalogen compound, the more virulent its going to be. And iodine monochloride is, IIRC the very mildest, politest little church mouse of the interhalogen compounds, and it still disintegrates plastics within a few minutes even in very diluted vapor form, as well as severely attacking and corroding stainless steel in similar conditions, being exposed to diffuse, dilute ICl fumes and just turning into an organized, shaped piece of rust flakes, in a form corresponding to that of the original steel article before it got chewed to little pieces and spat back out screaming.
Aside from the Br2 itself, the portion that remains in solution, will be useful as well, after determining concentration and if needs be making a few tweaks and adjustments to molarity/percentage, as a dilute aqueous solution of Br2, known as bromine water is very useful for chemical analysis, because it is both strongly colored, and highly reactive, able to add across double or triple bonds, phenols, acetylated compounds and others, and also, given the reactivity with alkene double bonds, it can be used to determine the degree of unsaturation in a substance of known molecular formula and known sample size, by virtue of the fact that on addition of an alkene, bromine in the bromine water adds across the double bond to form an alkyl bromide, and the color disappears, so bromine water can be used for colorimetric titrations for determining things like concentration, degrees of unsaturation, and besides, another use for it, is that it doesn't take much bromine to make, its only a dilute solution. So I can make it up on the cheap (nothing wrong with it, not on the cheap as in cutting corners, it just doesn't cost me much to make) but then go and sell it on on ebay for a profit.
And of course, sell bromine itself, that is the sort of chemical all sorts of people would jump at the chance to buy themselves a bottle of dried, double-distilled elemental bromine in an amber glass bottle and resistant cap/seal.
Obviously I'd be keeping a lot of it for my own use, but if I do end up with a fair lot of surplus bromine, I bet I could make something like £500-600 a liter, and smaller quantities could still fetch a fair whack.
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After finally freeing a stuck teflon-coated joint in a glass setup, I managed to pour out the liquid that came from hydrolyzed residues of iodine monochloride to form a funky hydrohalic acid that is, I believe, HCl2I. Most unusual.
AFAIK HCl2I, fucked up or what! TWO halogen species in a non-oxyacid hydrogen halide acid, and not just binary, but a trinary system! I am really quite surprised to find such a thing exists, although the interactions holding it together, I'm really not sure about....intermolecular hydrogen bonding to form higher-order polyanionic species, or intramolecular halogen bonding between chlorine and iodine..what in the name of fuck!
I'm not well up on halogen bonding either, its not widely known.From observation though it appears to be quite a strong acid, immediately attacking magnesium powder liberating hydrogen gas when a few drops of this hydrohalic acid mutant freak are added to a test tube containing perhaps 20-30mg or so of finely powdered magnesium metal. It tests as acidic as the PH paper I tested it will actually read. Certainly PH1, perhaps below. Oddly it appears to bleach the coloration of the PH paper. The stuff I used was orange, it instantly went pinkish when a drop of the presumed HCl2I was placed upon it, and in an expanding zone, it went the bright pink-red of a PH-1 strongly acidic substance, but with the color of the paper itself returning after a moment, resulting in a spheroid with a center coloured the same as the PH paper usually is meant to be, unused that is, almost as if without destroying the paper itself, it first caused the PH-sensitive indicator to give an acid-positive reaction and then destroyed the chromophore, nuking the dye whilst sparing the paper, although the physical observation has to be taken immediately, because the acid won't waste any time whatsoever in, it seems, attacking the PH-sensitive indicator dye or its protonated form.
Currently preparing the magnesium salt for further characterization of the acid. Might also some tetraammoniumcopper (II) complexes and use this oddball hydrohalic acid as the anionic portion of the metal complex. Should be able to crystallize a salt of tetraaminecopper (II) (itself prepared by adding a divalent copper salt to ammonia, upon which it goes bright, vivid, deep ultramarine blue, very pretty in concentrated solution)
Plenty other things on my plate today. For some reason they mostly seem to involve halogens. All of them except fluorine and of course both astatine (extremely radioactive, longest lived isotope has a half life of about 8 hours, just over 8 hours) and tennesine (created artificially, a superheavy transactinide element first made a couple of years ago IIRC, created a few atoms at a time and detected via its decay chaining)
(astatine isn't THAT ultra-radioactive as to disintegrate within microseconds to milliseconds, but tennesine is about as stable as donald trump with a crack pipe in hos mouth.) Although even so, without external freezing, a sample of astatine of visible size would vaporize it in it's own heat of radiolysis, its own radiation cooking it extra crispy basically,nobody has ever seen astatine, its only ever been detected, never brought about so that a pair of human eyes could look at it through lead-glass windows could have a look at some astatine before it vanishes due to its decaying to other elements)
Would fucking love to see it though, if a target were ever to be made in a cyclotron, and then neutron bombardment of bismuth to transmute it to astatine, using the correct isotope of bismuth, and cooled with say, liquid nitrogen or liquid helium, to be able to actually SEE some elemental astatine, because its right on the border, it seems between semimetal (metalloid) and a metal, on one half, and a nonmetal on the other.
Theory predicts it to behave as with iodine, similar oxidation states etc., a hydrogen halide, HAt formed, but with a more metallic character than iodine. And indeed astatine MIGHT even BE a metal or a semimetal.
(semimetals are usually the elements used for semiconductors, silicon, germanium, one of the allotropes of arsenic, tellurium and selenium, are good examples. Look like metals, yet quite different. If I were to take a hammer in my hand and strike a piece of tellurium or selenium 'metal' it would shatter like glass even though it looks like a metal. Its electrically conductive in this state, and yet unlike a metal, if it were lit, it would melt with a cigarette lighter flame and produce a small and nonviolent flame, not superhot like metal fires, although the vapor I REALLY wouldn't want to be anywhere near, in the case of tellurium.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellurium The pic just a bit down, it REALLY looks like a metal doesn't it? but it isn't. It's fragile like sulfur, of which it is a heavier relative, and it burns and melts like sulfur afaik. Although I haven't personally picked up a stick of Te 'metal' and lit the end to see how it burns. Especially because of the notorious 'tellurium breath'.
Which put it this way....people have apparently, committed suicide after being exposed to Te
and absorbing traces of the element, subsequently excreting them in shit, piss, sweat, saliva, anything coming from a mucus membrane with fluid there..its apparently so foul that chemists even use 'tellurium breath' as an insult hahaha/
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Wow, you look committed to being as autistic as possible. And you post here as if other autistics actually care about that special interest of yours. Keep up with that mental smear test because in the end it is your life to waste on nothing.
Try getting a real job to do something productive and just maybe someone may notice your efforts other than your doctor.
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Currently-about to build a test tube rack/stand, just carved from wood etc. and given a spray of varnish. AFTER that is, I eat the McVities jamaica ginger sticky pudding cake all to myself, I've had a hankering for jamaican ginger cake for many months. Asked my old man to pick some up from the shop when he went shopping just now, I did ask him a while back too but he forgot. And ever since that hankering has sat there and festered busily, just sitting there determinedly festering...festerfesterfesterfesterfester.....CAAAAAAKE! Just diving into that, grabbed the penknife on the lounge table so I didn't have to move to the kitchen and get a knife. That way it means I got cake all the faster. Or at least, had my cake and ate it.
I've been longing for a fucking jamaican ginger cake for so long until now. That hit the SPOT. oh yes that's good. That is just what I needed to kick my ass in the direction of the lab. At least when I've eaten the rest of the cake. Love the stuff but hadn't had it in years until one day my brain just decided to think 'you want ginger-cake dammit now get some' and my stomach had to obey.
Oh yes, this scratches an itch alright, just as well in this filthy sun whilst working outside doing a distillation. After I've made a couple of test tube racks with the woodworking tools in the shed (the shed in this house is part my old man's electronic hobby room, and the rest of it is more or less a metalworking shop, with a metal lathe, along with tools for woodwork, saws, rasps, router-cutters, and even, although I don't keep them in there, some special drillbits which permit the drilling of glass. I think they are titanium carbide-tipped in one type. In the other I know what the abrasive is, as they are diamond-cutter drills, and yes, they do work, very well in fact, you just have to make sure, for a clean and delicate drilling, that the glass workpiece is held immobile, so the bit can't wander, before it bites in, which is what a drill-press is useful for.
I like that kinda work, getting my hands down and dirty building things and brewing things :)
Although not before I chow down this fucking cake! it is SOOOO good. After that, test tube racks to build being first.
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Agreed, test tube babies like cake.
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It was wolfy (RIP) who started this thread, so that would imply that somebody wanted to learn about the sciences. I didn't start this thread, so if someone else does so for me, that would, logically speaking, tend to imply that their intent was that I post about the sciences.
And dangly? what do you mean by I 'try' to look as autistic as possible? LOL I really don't have to do so by devoting conscious effort to it. That comes as natural as breathing, or for neurons to depolarize when stimulated sufficiently. Why try, when it works just as well in any practicality.
Oh, and if I were you, I'd not come into my lab dangly pencil-dick kid, because I do not do safety testing
on animal life. Doing it to people who don't volunteer of course, would get one nicked for sure, in short, I'd make an exception for you. You are a sufficiently devolved haploid amoeba with the organs all in the right places, other than the heart, the brain and the genitals.
I doubt you'd want to be my lab rat. And you'd be an irritant, until your mouth was duct-taped.
My lab might have been given some soundproofing, but it isn't going to do any good with an oversized toddler kicking and screaming about his alleged BAAWWWWWW!tism.
Since one has to be standing OUTSIDE of wherever the soundproofing is installed, to not hear the screams and shrieks, muffled from behind duct tape, strapped down to a gurney. And used to suit my purposes until you one day assist me in determination of the LD:50 of some compound or other, or else test things longterm to see if they cause yo momma....sorry
..ahem; meant to say 'cancer' then.
And I'll fucking bet my bottom fucking dollar that I could make you last quite a long, although probably highly unpleasant time. IF you get to die. I can think of worse things. Far, far, far worse things than dying. Those are the sorts of tests I'd be doing on you, dangly, yeh' petty, oleaginous insolent little whelp, things you could not even begin to comprehend, luckiily for you. Because you'd fucking beg mefor death.
But if ever I killed you (that way at least) it'd be by accident. Any warhammer 40k fans could do a lot worse than think 'dark eldar, haemonculus' and you might just get the idea of the sorts of things this wriggling collection of ganglia, excretory orifices, bile and shyte.
Like a sort of oversized parasitic worm meets and breeds with Cthulhu or one of his relatives. Only instead of killing people, this time, Chulhu left the nematode to infest a pregnant woman and thereby, you obviously, and regrettably, were born.
Oh and test-tube babies? its a misnomer. They use petri dishes for IVF. although I personally, was naturally born. And for that matter naturally born better than you.
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*aaand...* the paper wrapper of the cake is being scraped with my swiss army knife to get the residual tasty bits adhering to the paper, as gooey and sticky as jamaican ginger cake is. One bottle of cookie dough flavor 'frijj' milkshake later, and off to work I go. I'm bloody famished. At least I think I am, given the time since the last time I ate food (weird neurological issues means I don't really get hungry much, not until I am in the ravenings of hunger and my stomach would start hurting, would I become mildly hungry, although when the food is there, I've been known to eat a pizza raw (dough baked, pepperoni cheese, all safe to eat IMO, because I CBF waiting for it to cook)
Was weird...being starving but not hungry..I mean I know I need food, but thats the only reason why I end up eating, I have to consciously watch it. Because I don't get he expectable hunger pangs. I just.keep going, don't notice much difference, really, so I have to watch it, and whenever the opportunity presents itself, to stuff in as much as I can before I can eat no more.
Now, even smoking some STRONG weed, I barely get hungry. I do want food and it doesn't all go and be as if unto trying to eat ashes and sand in one's mouth, totally grey, soggy, pallid cardboard.
Its kinda...no physical barrier to passing food down my throat, taste isn't changed. Enjoying food once consuming it, as long as it is GOOD nosh of course, that still works. But the drive to SEEK OUT food is just not there much anymore. I suspect something to do with the hypothalamus, perhaps. It would fit.
It is really weird though when chonging it, really caning some really strong weed, in a bong, and not feeling the munchies.
I got the munchies mildly the other week, after picking up a half ounce of herb. That half O, gave me the munchies twice, in total. From the moment of opening the back and skinning up the first spliff, to the last roach dimp stubbed out, twice, just twice, from some veritably hallucinogenic skunk. Stuff was as potent as fuck no doubt about that, but it should have sent me to a state whereby I'd willingly walk 2-3 miles down a load of back alleys at 4 in the morning to the open all night late garage round these parts just so I can buy milkshakes, candies, lots of (admittedly fucking overpriced) high calorie stuff, and lots of sugary stuff. But now...no real food craving. Which I find a bit disturbing. Given the neurological context, and that that food seeking neuronal circuitry doesn't seem to work anymore.
If I were a lab rat, a mouse, etc. I'd probably starve to death without realizing it until it gets to the point of the very worst of the worst. Its only my higher animal intellect, as a human (and an autie one at that) being, that stops that happening, since I know to watch to ensure I eat and take both vitamin supplements and protein powder supplements (its alright t0 taste though, high protein chocolate milkshake mix, way overpriced for a concoction of simplish chewed up proteins added micronutrients like zinc, magnesium in an absorbable, chelated form, some vitamins, as well as (all L- isomers):
alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine and glutamate, histidine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine plus a bunch of partially hydrolyzed protein, derived from caseine and 8 different types of cereal grain part-hydrolyzed vegetable amino-acid mixture.
Its more or less a chocolate flavoured oligopeptide clusterfuck lol.
Oh, I forgot, it also has some various selection of proteolytic enzymes/peptidases in the stuff. Fucking expensive, it cost me over £30 a tub, although the tubs do contain 2.3kg when full. And I'm not bodybuilding competitively or anything like that, I'm just making sure I get enough of the essential amino-acids in my diet.
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Never give up your autistic disability, dood. The more you try to protect it, the easier it is for me to help myself to you.
Forever yours, life.
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What's the most common ingredient you use?
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Semen as he clearly sticks his knob in dem flasks to fertilise the catalyst in his experiments. Because unfortunately, my giant willy broke the test tube that prevents me from fucking with him, let alone the turd sticks he chews on to satisfy his need to eat shit.
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Who knew you could get hydrochloric acid from lava?
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Who knew you could get hydrochloric acid from lava?
The fumes of lava carry a number of acidic variations. Depending upon the chemistry of the lava itself. Mostly, sulfuric acid, but, it is all quite a corrosive cocktail that wreaks havoc on the lungs of volcanologists and residents of wherever large volumes flow. In Hawaii, if the weather is right, the fumes of the current eruption can wrap areas in VOG. Volcanic fog, so to speak. I just finished reading a book about the Laki eruptions in Iceland in 1783. An eruption so massive that almost 25% of the Icelandic population died of disease and famine. And the VOG, reached all over Europe and caused problems there.
Thus ends today's lecture......we now return to our regularly scheduled programming. :autism:
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HCl from lava? seems rather unlikely, given the predominance of sulfur oxides, sulfur di and probably trioxide, as well as elemental sulfur, in volcanic effluent.
The most common chemicals I use? probably either sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, or chlorine gas. I seem to be using quite a lot of halogens lately. Up to my ass in bromine and chlorine, the only one in fact that ISN'T 'around' would be fluorine gas, because it is so fucking lethal. Granted working with bromine monochloride and iodine monochloride sort of takes the piss in regard to F2, since these too are extremely toxic (BrCl especially is evil, evil stuff, a golden-yellowy brown gas, of a toxicity that is at least, comparable to, and possibly, given some acute exposure figures, several times more toxic than phosgene, with the one and only redeeming feature being that it has a tendency to go hypergolic with many organics, meaning it goes up in flames, and with some inorganics almost explosively. A test of reactivity with the less reactive, liquid-low melting solid iodine monochloride on a microscale, two drops applied to a couple of hundred milligrams of red phosphorus resulted in a blinding flash, bursting into flames the millisecond the two made contact, went up like flashpowder. BrCl is worse, more reactive, and toxicity-wise of chemical weapons potential, AFAIK the nazis experimented with it briefly, along with its evil bigger, worse-tempered brother, chlorine trifluoride but they fucked it off because of the extreme danger it poses.)
(ClF3 is too far, even for me, and for that matter, for the nazis, anything thats capable of causing CONCRETE to spotaneously ignite, burns through bricks, and in the case of a spill, was witnessed to burn through three feet of stone before igniting at least a meter of packed gravel and soil, whilst spewing hydrogen fluoride is a bit much haha. And HF is no laughing matter, passing through skin and turning the calcium in your blood to insoluble slush CaF2 and leaching calcium from your bones before causing a fatal heart attack is its thing. Its one of those things that makes many chemists' personal shitlists, and is infamous for its nasty, glass-dissolving, bone-melting nature)
Aside from the common acids and bases, I'd say for 'other' chemicals, possibly the most frequent in use are metal dusts, nitroethane, nitromethane and sodium borohydride.
I really like working with borohydride, most hydride reducing agents have to be handled in rigorously anhydrous conditions and under inert gas, but with borohydride, it just came in a bottle of solid tablets, encased in a steel can for storage, no bursting into flames, no explosions, it can be used in the open air, weighed in air, and even in some systems, actually in aqueous solution. Doing that with say, sodium hydride or lithium aluminium hydride would cause an explosion of hydrogen gas that would most probably take fire from the vigorously exothermic reaction. Boro is nice tame stuff, and very versatile.
Favourite of all the arsenal of lab supplies though would be benzaldehyde. Smells absolutely wonderful, the entire house is scented of freshly baked cherry bakewell tarts and marzipan, since I can't bring myself to vent the vapors outside, it just smells too tasty, and it isn't toxic, in fact synthetic almond essence is benzaldehyde, dissolved in edible oil, I can't work with it without finishing up ravenously hungry, the scent is just too good :D
And it makes an excellent precursor for amphetamine and phenethylamine type compounds too, in a knoevanagel condensation with nitroethane for example, it would, if a chemist was so inclined, furnish 1-phenyl-2-beta-nitropropene, or P2NP as its known in the psychopharmaceutical hobbyist's vernacular, either directly reduced with the nasty hydride LiAlH4 to amphetamine, or reduced with iron dust in glacial acetic acid with a catalytic quantity of ferric chloride, it furnishes P2P, aka phenylacetone, which can be reductively aminated with one's choice of amines, or directly using nitroparaffins, which get reduced at the nitro group to furnish the amines in-situ, such as in an aluminium-mercuric chloride amalgam. Hate that reaction though, its touchy, it runs at an unnerving roiling reflux, boiling like crazy, and the workup is a shitter, my pet hate if I have one in chemistry in fact. So if I were that way inclined, I'd sooner take P2P to the ketoxime and run a Beauveault-Blanc reduction, using sodium metal in anhydrous ethanol to reduce to the product.
Hehe sodium has to be another favourite of mine. Pretty much guaranteed favourite for all hobby chemists...whats not to like about metal that explodes or bursts into flames on exposure to air?
I've seen it really go at it too, when I had to get my sodium via electrolysis, had an inert gas tank run out once, power supply still on of course, and I couldn't get close to it, after the molten sodium metal at some 300-something degrees formed as beads and immediately went off with a loud CRACK! and a burst of flame.
Had to cut the power at the fuse box, because the 'off' switch was behind the power supply, but the electrolytic cell was spitting searing hot caustic and molten metal, forming and immediately exploding, with a sound like automatic gunfire. That was a fun night to remember.
The Na was forming at an insane rate, thankfully I was wearing a blast shield, because it was going off like a string of chinese firecrackers, no one explosion big enough to be dangerous bar hitting someone in the eyes, which couldn't happen with the blast-shield over my face, a practice I stick to, after wearing goggles once for the task, and having a blob of molten sodium blast off and shoot right up my nose, blowing a crater out of my septum.
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What do you think about this??
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dz1-fKV7ezM
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I agree totally. Both in regards of selective consumption of fruit. The immunity of birds to capsaicin was actually an example, before fully seeing the video to its end. You can feed a bird the most virulently potent weapons-grade chili pepper, and it won't tell the least difference from pecking at a corn on the cob (well it might taste different but then again, I am not a bird and I don't eat vegetables with vanishingly few exceptions in just as few circumstances)
Another good example, would be certain tropical or neotropical trees, who's seeds must germinate underground. So rather than producing big, juicy fruit that could, and probably would; end up in the belly either of a ground dwelling or tree-inhabiting animal or that of a peckish human, these plants, which grow in arid locations, they cover their seeds with a nutrient-rich, oily tissue, not large, and this tissue; called an eliasome, is again, not huge.
It need not be, however, for its intended recipient is not a ground dwelling or arboreal mammal or bird, but ants. These fatty, protein rich eliasomes coating every seed are eaten by the ants, but not before the ants have dragged them back from whence they came, caching the seeds underground, wherein they consume the eliasome of these seeds, taking their reward from the plants, for planting the seeds underground, in the caches of the ants, along with plenty fertilizer, by way of the ants' waste.
Other trees, do something perhaps along the same theme lines, although with a different strategy. Acacia species, IIRC, possibly Mimosa, and they are armed with the most formidable thorns, with hollow bulbous bases, which house, together, a colony of vicious ants, armed both beak and backside, and when faced with predation (or vibration), out rush a swarm of furious ants with huge jaws, and any animal small enough is swarmed, killed and probably eaten, the touch of a nearby plant too, signals the tree's private army, and out they come, mauling and mutilating the plant so severely, that if it is anything but established, it dies. In return, aside from the free housing, the trees, also either Acacia or Mimosa, also grow these unique yellow ovoid shaped packages which serve only the purpose of being a protein and calorie-rich portion of food, which the ants take and feed from, and IIRC, even tuck into a pouch under the jaws of their larvae, these energy-costly food-packets are produced specifically for the benefit of the ants, for their protection of their living space, their physical bodies, and the role of the ants as a private army, of swarming, stinging, biting vicious little bastards with a hair trigger of a temper.
As for medicines, of course, the plants do not produce medicine for us, but as they say, the dose, maketh the poison, the same principle can act in reverse. What is poison in excess, can serve as the antithesis of the action of either another poison, or the action of a disease upon the body. An excessively fast, weak heartbeat for example, can be remedied with the use of cardenolide or bufadenolide glycosides, known commonly as cardiac glycosides, for their effect in both slowing the rate of the heart, whilst strengthening its force. Cardenolides, in plants are the more common of the two, both are steroidal in structure, whilst with one exception bufadienolides are produced only by animals, the exception being the squills, the best known being Scilla maritima, the sea squill or maritime squill, a hyascinth-looking plant, with a large bulb, this is used in small amounts as a cough remedy (even now, its a component of Gee's linctus, an over the counter (in the UK) cough mixture based upon tincture of opium, and a little squill tincture, along with something fiery tasting, capsicum extract perhaps, and something treacly, the squill is harmless at the consumption level of a couple of bottles, I've used it before, quite a few times, for while OTC it actually contains enough opium tincture to be quite potent. Its old fashioned, and these days quite hard to find, I only know two pharmacies in the city that stock it, at least of any I have ever been into, one near me and the other in the city center, the nearer one is erratic in stocking it, whilst the other place usually does)
The squill, in larger amounts, surprisingly, contains bufadienolide type cardiac steroidal glycosides, which normally are produced by animals alone, toad venom, most usually, whilst the cardiac steroids of plants are otherwise exclusively those of the cardenolide type. The most well known source of them, are plants of the genus Digitalis, the foxgloves. Others include oleanders (extremely poisonous, a couple of leaves being sufficient if consumed to kill a man, people have even died from both burning the wood and being in the area of the smoke, or from using its wood as a skewer to cook food), pretty, but lethal; and there are many others, often used as arrow poisons, Strophanthus, an african tree, contains a medley of cardenolides, and is used to poison arrows or darts intended for taking down large animals, the dart poison being highly lethal, but because it is a glycoside, it is rendered harmless by cooking, not all glycosides are, but the nature of the glycoside class of chemicals, is that of an alkaloidal backbone, bonded to a sugar moiety of various natures, each according to its kind, and they are thermally unstable, the sugar group cracking off when heated as in cooking, so the hunters just cut out the area the projectile itself penetrated for good measure, and cook their dinner, so too, it is with the infamous Upas tree, Upas antiaris, containing another cardiac glycoside.
In the case of antiarin, the glycosidic toxin, a mere scratch from the wood of the large tree can kill within moments, it is used for both hunting and warfare, applied to darts or arrows, apparently, it used to, at least, be the case that the condemned criminal alone, was to harvest the poison, such was its fearsome reputation that they approached only with the wind blowing away, and that it was believed so frightfully toxic that so much as breathing the air from around the tree would kill, and that no plant would thrive beneath its trunk. The toxic exhalation part at least, is legend, although exclusion of light by virtue of Upas being such a large tree, native to java, possibly sumatra, IIRC, is not surprising if it excludes plants from growing immediately underneath.
IIRC this is the cardiac glycoside-bearing tree that a specific type of highly heat-resistant palm leaf is used to prepare the poison from, the sap being evaporated down with extreme delicacy, for the palm species in question can resist extreme heat, the natives, with similar great care, taste a tiny amount of the poison, and if it tastes sweet, it has been 'overcooked' and quite useless. This is due to its nature as a glycoside, the toxicity is utterly dependent upon the glycosidic bond of its backbone to the sugar rhamnose, and in the heat, if this breaks down, the rhamnose is lost, and freed, and as it is a sugar, it tastes sweet. So the taste-test, albeit something I'd sooner not try doing, is accurate. Not bad organic chemistry for jungle tribesmen without so much as a vacuum pump to their name.
Other examples of poison made medicine (and cosmetic in this case), would be the famed belladonna, Atropa belladonna, a plant favouring calcareous soils, with wide, lanceolate tipped leaves, and which produce a large berry, perhaps 3/4 of an inch around, a little smaller perhaps when mature, starting green, and turning a deep deep purple, almost black and full of juice, the pulp being filled with little seeds, no more than 1.5mm or so in diameter and bearing, when mature at least, small pitted indentations, the seeds of the common variety being of a black color with a quite silvery cast to them, there is a variety, or subspeqies, I know not whether it qualifies as a distinct subspecies, or just a variant, I have seeds for both although I have yet to germinate them, its quite difficult. The variant is white of seed, and creamy colored in their bell-shaped flowers. The commoner variety has purple, drooping, bell shaped flowers.
A very attractive plant. However the entire plant contains a variety of tropane alkaloids (tropane being the name for the chemical N-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane although I'll link to the wikipedia on it for those of us who are not great with chemical nomenclature, but roughly put, it is a cyclic (connected in a ring) 8-carbon (nine, if you include the N-methyl group but this isn't part of the octane ring) chain, with an unusual bridged structure, making it a 3D structure when drawn on paper, the carbon bridgehead being a secondary amine, with a carbon from each side of the bridge connected to an amino nitrogen atom.
Tropane derivatives are very common amongst the Solanaceae, the nightshade family, of which belladonna (italian meaning 'beautiful lady', because the alkaloids it contains are potent anticholinergics, of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors group of ACh receptors, and these, cause massive dilation of the pupils, among other effects; so fashionable italian ladies used to drop the juice of the berries into their eyes, to do this, because it was thought beautiful at the time, although needless to say, fucking with deadly nightshade without knowing exactly what you are doing, is a dangerous affair indeed, although I have used it, most carefully weighed, in the form of the dried leaf or seeds, as a remedy for nausea when no other was to hand, although the amount is small, and I do know what I am doing with herbs and medicinal fungi, which to use, why and how to use them, and which never to so much as contemplate taking internally, and those to take neither internally nor externally.)
Tropanes also, are to be found in coca plants, Erythroxylon coca, E.novogratense and relatives, the plants which, to the delight of many, the misery of some, and the unbridled fury of governments the world over, overtly, whilst their spook clades trade it on the sly, contain cocaine, and its biosynthetic precursors and degradation products. Both the atropine, scopolamine (now better known as hyoscine, as in the IBS remedy buscopan, which is hyoscine butylbromide, hyoscine, derivatized to make it a quaternary ammonium salt, which bears a permanent positive charge, that serves to prevent its being uptaken past the blood-brain-barrier, so its effects are peripheral only, that prevents another side effect of toxic levels of antimuscarinic compounds such as the anticholinergic types of tropane derivative, delirium, a psychotic, nightmarish hallucinatory delirium, which apparently causes near universally a horror trip, and occasionally sends people going completely batshit, including one I read of, who hijacked a cruise liner and went joyriding and shouting tirades of the most abject, hilarious insanity)
The nightshade type tropane alkaloids, block muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, the result of a small dose, is remediation of nausea, less salivation and sweating, as well as dilation of the pupils (they can also be used locally applied to paralyze the cilliary musculature of the eyes, preventing accomodating of the pupil during medical procedures performed upon the eye, I've had such treatment after I got blasted in the face with boiling hot corrosive alkali slops)
A toxic dose, causes pupil dilation, the heart rate is screwed with, drymouth, lack of sweating, all secretions are dried up, urinary retention occurs, and delirium, the patient losing all contact with reality. They cause true hallucinations, unlike the drugs commonly known as hallucinogens, which do not actually cause one to lose contact with reality, the tropane poisons literally cause true hallucinations, where the patient believes what they see to be reality and cannot no matter what, tell any of them from reality.
These plants are sometimes used in initiation rituals in various tribes, some used them as punishment for unruly kids, using Datura species, now and again through history, for offing people other people didn't like very much, and too often, kids without access too proper psychedelics abuse them, although the dividing line between a delirious nightmare trip inducing dose and one that kills, is thin, and the alkaloid content of the different nightshade-type plants also varies, not just from plant to plant, but season to season, the different parts of the plant, the area they grow, so you have a damn fine tightrope to walk if you try that sort of thing.
However, their antimuscarinic effect is put to many medical uses, eye surgery and aftercare, cardiac medicine, and also as part of the autoinjector devices issued to troops at risk of facing chemical warfare, these contain two chemicals as a combi-injector, sort of like an epi-pen, that just has to have the cap taken off and the right end stabbed into a muscle, one half is an oxime compound like obidoxime, or the earlier pralidoxime, which reacts with organophosphorus nerve agents to dephosphorylate the poisoned acetylcholinesterase enzyme (acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme which hydrolyzes acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. There are two major families of cholinergic receptor for this neurotransmitter, muscarinic, named for muscarine, first found in the fly agaric mushroom (an atypical psychotropic mushroom, and in small quantities, and in either case when subjected to a heat-curing process to break down a neurotoxin, as an excellent condiment for meat, red meat especially, and in particular, beef. I had it on my steak supper last night, mixed in with my custom blend of spices and herbs), although the muscarine levels are so tiny as to be inconsequential in Amanita muscaria, the fly agaric (y'know, the one with the red cap, white gills and stem, white warts on the cap and usually a little gnome with a fishing rod sitting on the top :autism: ), which acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, the opposite effect to the nightshade tropane toxins.
The other being the nicotinic ACh receptors, acetylcholine is the natural neurotransmitter for both, these two are the major two families, whilst each have subtypes, all bind acetylcholine. Once it binds to the receptors, it is then broken down by acetylcholinesterase. Nerve agents, such as sarin, tabun, soman (G series agents) GV (a hybrid between G and V type agents no surprise there) and V agents such as VX, the most well known of them, and VR, an isomer of VX, of russian design, and again of russian design, the novichok agents (russian, meaning 'newbie' or 'newcomer'), latest generation in nerve agents, and the most toxic, either novichok-5 or novichok-7 being perhaps ten times as lethal as VX on a weight basis (dermal exposure lethal dosage of VX, is perhaps ten milligrams); they block acetylcholinesterase, causing spontaneous, repetitive firing of cholinergic receptors of both types, causing hypersecretion of fluid on the muscarinic side, that fills the airways and causes one to drown in their own fluid, whilst on the nicotinic side, there are both types in the brain, which when overactivated in this way, cause seizures, as well as these caused more directly by the action on muscle, for muscle activation is caused by binding of acetylcholine to nicotinic receptor subtypes specific to the neuromuscular junction, it binds, activates the muscle contraction, and then acetylcholinesterase chews it up and shits it out, deactivating the muscular contraction.
Poisons (and surgical tools) like curare (curare itself, the arrow/dart poison, a paralytic agent acts as a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, the non-depolarizing bit means it does not first act as an agonist at neuromuscular junction nicotinic ACh receptors, causing repetitive firing until the muscles can fire no longer, most neuromuscular blocking agents used medically are of the non-depolarizing type, the main exception being the depolarizing neuromuscular blocker succinylcholine, that mimics acetylcholine but cannot be hydrolyzed, causing first spontaneous repetitive contractions and then muscular exhaustion within moments, and as it cannot be degraded by acetylcholinesterase, stays there, preventing the muscle from 'recharging' and becoming able to fire again)
The nerve agents, on the nicotinic side, are depolarizing type, although without directly binding to receptors, but blocking the enzyme which degrades acetylcholine, causing IT to behave in a manner akin to a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, as well as powerful muscarinic agonist of all subtypes.
The nerve agent combi-pen combines a physical reversal agent, the oxime compound, with atropine, the poison from the nightshades (or at least, one of them, they have quite the slew of tropane alkaloid poisons in them), the atropine acts to save your life on the short term, preventing you from drowning in your own blood plasma, whilst the oxime goes about its work dephosphorylating the acetylcholinesterase which has been attacked and phosphorylated by the nerve agent (although reportedly, the novichok agents were designed to be immune to oximes, and also, conventional organophosphorus nerve agents 'age', whereby the poisoned enzyme undergoes a rearrangement, IIRC, although its a while since I read up on the transition states of the nerve agent-acetylcholinesterase transition states, phosphorylating a serine residue within the enzyme where it then becomes invulnerable to oximes. They do so at different speeds, unconnected with the lethal acute dose, for example, the V agent VX takes 24-48 hours to become irreversible with oximes, and by weight takes less to kill you than does the G series agent soman, but if you don't get the oxime agent within ten minutes, with soman, its complex with cholinesterase has aged, and cannot be dephosphorylated with the oxime antidotes. Treatment is supportive only, and chances are, one is, in a word, fucked.
While atropine doesn't prevent the paralysis and failure of breathing that the nerve agents cause, it does keep you alive long enough for the oxime to work. And for supportive further treatment.
The nightshades sure didn't intend for their products to cure soldiers or civilians poisoned by nerve agents, they evolved these chemicals to kill predators.
Kill, or cure? for the most part, its a matter of both dose, and intention. Curare is a puzzle to me, since it is active only if it enters the bloodstream. If given orally, it is without effect, assuming there be no lesion, cut etc. within the areas of your insides that it contacts. On the tip of a blowgun dart, its near enough as quick as a bullet, well, sort of, it paralyzes within moments, and then you suffocate to death. Or if you are the monkey in a high tree that happens to find itself on the other end of a hunter's blowpipe, then probably break your neck when you drop like a stone.
If you'd like me to go further into such things, feel free to ask, likewise any specific queries. I am quite well up on toxicology and medicine. If you've heard of it, I can probably explain its MO, if you have never heard the likes, be it from the desert or the ocean, the jungle or anywhere in between, I've probably a good idea. Metals, inorganic and organic natural/synthetic toxins, ants, spiders, scorpions, bacterial toxins, plants, fungi, marine dinoflagellates and toxic fish...I've gotcha.
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I wish I got you to write my essays at uni.
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Why? I thought you were taking a computer course. Unless you are seriously, seriously pissed with your tutor of course, but I didn't think that counts for extra credit under 'extracurricular activities'. At least, not unless you can fake his signature on the papers :autism:
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I said "got" - past tense. You have the ability to write a lot with ease, a talent I could have used at uni. I - with the exception of once - could barely get my word counts up to where they needed to be.
I withdrew from the programming course. Too hard and the teacher was always on my back. I completed the Java side of things, so that's something I guess.
Still doing an online software testing course, it's difficult as well but I'm getting through it.
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Well, do it as it suits you. I've no idea how I'd do at uni. I'd love to have a crack at it, though. But I do know I work well when its just me, the glassware and the shelves and cupboards of acids, bases and reagents. Well, and the second carpet in the living room full of additional glassware and jugs of this that and the other, and the crates of glassware, the rotavap and other stuff in front of the living room fireplace (we don't use the fire, otherwise they wouldn't be there), and the chemical cupboard in the kitchen, the flasks and the like lined up (well what did you expect from a spazz) on the...whatever it is you call the raised length of tile behind the sink and going from one end of the counter to the other, oh, and the second fridge, the one for volatile solvents, nasty things that don't need to be anywhere near people if ever the teflon caps are taken off the containers, and my old man's fish bait :spazz:
I'd not want to be a maggot in that fridge...damn.
Not that I'd want to be a maggot, end of, be it in a fridge full of corrosives, volatiles and heinously toxic materials, plus the odd heinously toxic, volatile corrosive. Or just in a fridge. I imagine being a near frozen maggot, before having a hook stuck up your ass and your guts sucked out by a fish, pretty much counts as a really, really shitty excuse for a life. Either that or donald trump has twins.
As for the writing, I was asked a question and happened to know the answer. Figured it would be better to make it interesting, or at least try to, than say something like 'yeah, I agree'
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:party: Happy Birthday Lestat! May everything go right in your lab today.
:birthday:
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OMG IT'S LESTAT'S BIRTHDAY!! :GA:
:birthday:
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Happy Birthday!
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Happy Birthday.
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Awesome! May all your chemical recipes turn out just right.
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Thanks guys; I actually kinda forgot the day itself, since my old man got me a b/day gift a little early, a new e-cig tank (well whole kit actually, so I have spare battery, elements, chargers etc now) and if there isn't an occasion about it I tend to forget that it is a b/day.
A few days belated celebration though, won't go un-done. There is a fair bit of pseudoephedrine available mid-extraction, and besides, I've been wanting to crack the two-step reduction of 1-phenyl-2-beta-nitropropene to the nitropropane using borohydride and then reduction of the nitropropane to amphetamine. There is a known route, using glacial acetic acid, fine iron or zinc dust and ferric chloride at about 85 'C for a couple of hours.
As it happens, I happen to have a fair sized beaker full of that particular nitropropene...
There is another, afaik totally unexplored route. This involves first, reduction with borohydride again (got plenty NaBH4) and then reacting the intermediate nitroalkane produced with an alkali metal hydroxide to produce a nitronate, kept entirely in-situ and never allowed, due to potential exposive qualities of the nitronate, shock sensitivity, which in solution will be minimized and sensitivity to detonation via friction nullified, then, running the reaction with the nitronate dissolved in THF (tetrahydrofuran, a cyclic ether), adding additional borohydride then addition of iodine to serve to oxidize the borohydride, producing the borane or diborane-THF lewis adduct directly in-situ, without ever having to handle diborane or borane, Borane being BH3, boron trihydride, whilst diborane is B2H6, and both of them are some nasty ass customers, toxic as hell, and when one generates borane you can bet diborane wants to tag along for the ride. And it is not only super-toxic but it explodes on contact with air.
Could generate borane from magnesium boride and acid, and vent it into THF to prepare the adduct but bugger that for a lark! not with how toxic borane and diborane are. And they stink, too. Never actually smelled either, but I have smelled pentaborane, obviously at very low concentrations given I'm alive,and it smells like rotting sour milk. Really putrid sort of smelll that screams 'POISON!' without ever having to be told it is. So the adduct preparation in situ to reduce the nitropropane to the aminoalkane (amphetamine), would be the far more facile route.
Might well do something special, for my b.day. Got the stuff to do some MDA, which I've never tried before, I have tried MDMA, and find it..well..its interesting and can be rewarding, although I find there can be a subtly unsettling almost 'NT in a pill' effect to it. Becoming gregarious, prosocial, everything I'm not. But in the right setting, entactogens can be very useful for what I'd call a psychic clean-out if that makes sense.
Somewhere suited to introspection, a nice forest, with the choice to curl up and rest if needs be, plenty cold beer in a backpack and my mushroom guidebooks. Although its a bit too hot atm for a good mushroom hunt, still, to go out and just walk the forest and think, on a solid dose of MDA, I think it would do me good.
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Um, if you want to burn off neurons, that's one way of doing it... Whilst on the love drug, might be worth taking a mirror with you to see if it will enable you to help yourself instead of being on this path of self consumption.
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Actually, self-examination is the point, and all the lovey business is why I intend to be alone at the time, so that kind of thing can express itself in mostly physical/sensory ways.
I very rarely use MDxx, and I generally don't find it compatible with me in social situations or recreationally. I use it occasionally, perhaps a few times a year at most for in effect, a psychological tune-up, to fix obstinate problems (or more accurately, to create a physical, sensory and mental state which is suitable for catalyzing getting up there and fixing things that need fixing, allowing healing)
These sorts of things will also be done, when I whip up my birthday batch. But, afterall, it is my b/day celebration, and after the Beckmann rearrangement-Hoffman degredation reactions have been done on helional aldoxime and the resulting isocyanate split into the desired MDA and some waste CO2 that can just bugger off into the air outside then my plan is mostly to go to a forest, one I haven't been to in a while, and go hiking, taking the opportunity to nab some wild mushrooms if the weather has allowed any fruiting. Might time it to a weather forecast so as to go out there a few days after the rains next hit so as to increase the chances of bringing back something that can be fried up with a couple of steaks that with the right finds will make the ideal b/day dinner.
Why not? its my b/day, or at least, celebration of it, the weather has been too hot and dry for a good mushroom picking outing, so whether or not I remembered on the day is besides the point.
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Just accidentally stumbled upon a neat little recrystallization process, and potentially even a means of salvation for things that otherwise would be way, way beyond redemption. Hell this might even be usable to recrystallize Theresa May :autism:
Started with something, muck and tar, polymerized crap, in a small 3-neck RBF (about 50-75ml, in 24/40) and after dissolving what started as a small wad of khaki tar, looked like a dried out piece of phlegm hawked up by an oyster with severe cystic fibrosis; and left to dry on desert rocks for several months.
Thought it fit only for getting it the fuck outta my nice shiny glass treasures, and part dissolved, part suspended it in methanol, and then meaning to add some warm water to shake it up in accidentally took my eye off the kettle, so boiling hot water went in (the original compound is completely insoluble in water) instead.
But what happened? the boiling water flash-evaporated the methanol, and deposited a nice big clump of yellow (the original compound is bright yellow and takes the form of needle shaped crystals of water-insoluble, alcohol-soluble material) crystals, all fine needle like fluff!
With a really sharp as shit dividing line between truly redemption-proof utter total Theresa May, and the cloud of fine fluff deposited above.
(https://s22.postimg.cc/63tffv9fx/imgonline-com-ua-dexif9kae_CVVZb3_PR.jpg) (https://postimg.cc/image/63tffv9fx/)
(https://s22.postimg.cc/ka96b3zql/imgonline-com-ua-dexifkk0_Ww_VTWKc0_S.jpg) (https://postimg.cc/image/ka96b3zql/)
(https://s22.postimg.cc/i5ota15tp/imgonline-com-ua-dexif_Ny_C4_QFt_QTk_H2.jpg) (https://postimg.cc/image/i5ota15tp/)
I think I'm going to try and develop this into a useful recrystallization technique for more general use, different substrates, solvents etc. Just as long as the substance is highly soluble in a low boiling solvent and insoluble even at heat, in a second, higher boiling solvent.
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Haven't tried this yet, but I just by chance found this publication by a member of sciencemadness.org, an unusually facile synthesis of the versatile reagent, sulfur trioxide, the acid anhydride of sulfuric acid, SO3. Usually a rather difficult reagent to synthesize, and definitely dangerous to handle, being an extraordinarily powerful dehydrating agent, violently, explosively reactive with even small quantities of water. Useful for making dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate and similar dialkyl sulfates, potent alkylating agents, via reaction of dialkyl ethers with sulfur trioxide. And by reacting SO3 with sulfur dichloride, SCl2, the extremely valuable reagent, thionyl chloride, which is watched by three letter agencies, if you get what I mean, to some degree, too much for my liking. Oh boy, SOCl2 is JUST the sort of reagent I'd absolutely love to be able to make myself, thats making it look accessible for DIYing with the sulfur trioxide synthesis. Oh this is NIIICE.
And I can make the SCl2 at home I should think, without too much difficulty by chlorinating sulfur powder with Cl2 gas, and fractionally distilling the product to separate out the disulfur dichloride, any sulfur monochloride etc. and saving those for other uses. Still useful, for chlorinating things amongst other things. Plenty of delightful sulfur halide chemistry to be had there. But SOCl2 is the REAL prize amongst sulfur/halogen chemistry. And thionyl bromide would be even MORE useful to have as well, because the bromide anion is a better leaving group than chloride, so could perhaps improve the yields where the halide is just being used as a leaving group to stick some nucleophile on there in it's place. As well as making acyl halides, alkyl halides (the alkyl bromides would give a higher yield generally than the corresponding alkyl chlorides, probably not matter too much with acyl halides, carboxylic acid chlorides are reactive enough as they are, reacting really rapidly).
http://www.sciencemadness.org/member_publications/SO3_and_oleum.pdf
Reading this atm. Found a finished writeup for hydrazine synthesisl synthesizing it from urea via a ketazine. Urea is cheap as shit, and generally speaking not the most exciting chemical in the world. But, hydrazine on the other hand, N2H4, a relative of ammonia, although much more 'excitable' so to speak, very useful reducing agent amongst other things. The freebase of hydrazine is volatile, and highly dangerous, but this route furnishes the sulfate salt, which can be stored far more safely, and hydrazine freebase generated in-situ and distilled into a reaction mixture or solvent for addition to a reaction mixture, outside and wearing a gas mask and full protective gear due to its severely toxic nature Urea.....made exciting. Damn. But nicely stored as the sulfate salt, a crystalline solid, which can be deprotonated with KOH or NaOH and the hydrazine driven off and dissolved in a solvent, carefully.
Since, hey, who wouldn't want to have hydrazine on tap :autism:
Just starting from high-purity urea, a little gelatine to bind trace transition metal ions and trap them, safely sequestering them away from the reaction where they would foul up the reaction and potentially completely fuck it up, MEK (methyl ethyl ketone, a common solvent similar in nature to acetone, often use for cellulose thinners), sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide, as well as strong sodium hypochlorite, which I happen to have a huge glut of, more than I'll use in a bloody looooooong time, after going on a late night/early morning random walk one sleepless night and just happening to chance upon a rather large drum of industrial strength hypochlorite, of just about the strength demanded for the hydrazine synthesis.
http://www.sciencemadness.org/member_publications/hydrazine_sulfate_ketazine.pdf
I think I just found a couple of new projects that should provide me with a good challenge, and endless fun and especially in the case of the sulfur trioxide synthesis, finally, the access to SO3 needed to produce my OWN thionyl chloride and thionyl bromide. Fuck....Ing...SWEEEET :heisenberg:
Although I do have another project that takes precedence, or shall do once I can obtain some nitromethane. I need both nitromethane and nitroethane for it, for something special, and very, very rare, that as far as I can tell has possibly never even been synthesized, that will tax my skills in microscale chemistry, for I need to get definitely two, and possibly as many as four end compounds starting from just 5g of a rare, precious, DAMN difficult to obtain and most unusual starting compound. I have that, although at considerable expense, nearly £100 for the 5g I have to work with. I have the nitroethane, but no nitromethane left. I'll only need a few milliliters, but I do have plenty other uses for nitromethane, so I'll probably grab a 5 or 10 liter can of the stuff. Will need some specialist, very mild and selective hydride type reducing agents, something that won't abstract the bromine atom from an phenyl bromide, whilst reducing an aliphatic nitro paraffin group and an aliphatic double bond, both at the same time. Considering looking into Red-Al, aka vitride, as the reagent I'd otherwise use for the nitroalkene reduction to the aminoalkane, Lithium aluminium hydride, has considerable potential to rip that bromine atom right off the aromatic ring, which considering the tiny quantity of the starting compound available to me, its huge cost, and the fact I need to stretch it into at least two, more likely four different products, maybe ending up with just half a gram of end product, a gram of each if I am both fortunate, work with a light touch, and great care, just enough for the tests I need to perform plus characterization of the melting point, and thin-layer chromatography analysis to determine RF values, although for the TLC and melting point analysis that won't take anything worth note, even for such delicate work, as I'll only need a few milligrams for each test, although running the MP tests still needs to be done for each target compound in triplicate, it takes only a few tiny little crystals sealed in a glass microcapillary tube, and slowly heated in the oil bath of a Thiele tube.
I've even had to buy some glassware specially for these syntheses, such as a Buchner funnel of the type with a glass frit, in this case of small capacity, just 30ml, and with a tall, narrow profile rather than squat and wide, and in this case, having a frit with an upper porosity size of just 5 microns. Which of course means gravity filtration is out the window completely, and I'll be filtering it under vacuum, the Buchner having a 24/40 ground glass joint with a vacuum hose barb on the side to hook it up to a vacuum line, the frit is tiny, meaning my precious products will be nicely confined on a frit a little less than just 30mm wide, and of such fine porosity that the tiniest crystals will be collected and retained. So fine, in fact that even bacteria will be stopped from passing through the pores of the frit.
Had to buy it specially, and at not inconsiderable price, cost me over £50 for the one piece of glassware. And I have a small (100ml or so) 3-neck flask just for the purpose. Actually I may even work with my 10ml micro-scale round bottom 24/40 flasks, or something like a 50ml RBF for the filtration, and will be using the absolute latest bleeding-edge technology for synthesis of the intermediate between starting material and the nitroalkanes (plus catalytic base, in this case something rather special, an ionic liquid catalytic base, that has been known to give almost stoichiometric yields for other, much more commonplace instances
of the same overall field of chemistry, which I'm not altogether inexperienced with, although the ionic liquid base catalyst will be entirely new to me, so I'll test it with both completely non-precious intermediates of the same overall chemical type, and reactions first, as well as some more precious by far, but obtainable
materials, more exotic, but I want to build up a library of tested intermediates of the same overall structural patterns, just with different substitutions on the phenyl ring than the bromine atom in the unusual position it is located in, one nigh totally unexplored in scope for electron-withdrawing substituents such as halogens, cyanide groups, nitro or trifluoromethyl groups, and also another oddball, a difluoromethyl ether. Going to be quite some fascinating and very novel research indeed, quite possibly a first, and almost certainly a first-in-man trial of the end products, two of them certainly, although whether I can squeeze all four desired compounds out of that 5g of intermediate....oh boy, it'll be taxing work on such a delicate material on such a tiny scale, but I'm going to thoroughly enjoy myself doing it :heisenberg::autism::heisenberg:
Can't WAIT to grab some nitromethane so I can proceed. Tempted to do the half of the work with nitroethane first as I have it, but no nitromethane. But, the starting material is air-sensitive too, just to make things more challenging and difficult, although perhaps even if oxidation does take place can salvage it, by reacting the resultant substituted benzoic acid with thionyl chloride and then reacting the resultant benzylic acyl halide with sodium azide followed by reduction of the arylalkyl azide in mild conditions to afford the desired amines. In fact I might even use that route, but first, I'll stick to what I know, albeit at the cutting edge
of synthetic procedures, where I'll have the added bonus of broadening my knowledge and capabilities. Because hopefully this, the ionic liquid catalytic base will be an improvement over even the microwave irradiation-based route that I've been using for this particular type of synthesis with other starting materials, which is very, very fast, and gives a quite pure product in better yields by far than the old route using conventional heating, this I should be able to run at room temperature, under inert atmosphere and with degassed, then argon-sparged solvents.
Then, after that, maybe I'll let my hair down a bit and work on sulfuric anhydride (sulfur trioxide) synthesis, production of oleum (concentrated H2SO4 with additional dissolved sulfur trioxide, known as oleum, fuming sulfuric acid, or to use the archaic nomenclature, fuming oil of white vitriol) and on hydrazine synthesis via the ketazine process, using gelatin to bind trace levels of transition metal ions which otherwise would throw a spanner in the works and lead to my getting back dick all. Still, caustic soda, sulfuric acid, urea, methyl ethyl ketone, hypochlorite, nothing there is precious or super rare or hard to get, all commonplace starting materials. I'll treat myself to a brand new flask for it though, one I know has never, ever been treated with sulfochromic acid etch to strip out crap, as the Cr (VI) used, even in traces, would probably result in it's interference with the hydrazine synthesis using the ketazine route. And the urea I'll use, I'll have to buy some near analytical grade urea, of super-high purity and specifically trace metal ion free.
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Sometimes it feels like a citizen chemist's work is never done...
Currently sat up on the sofa at nearly 20 past 2 in the morning, working on spreadsheets. At least though I've got some amusing and very politically incorrect cartoons on TV, family guy, american dad and then...bugger, whats it called....something that comes on even later than that, about a racist US border patrol agent and his white trash family and mexican next door neighbor, 'bordertown' Ithink it's called.
While I work on these, been drawing up a series of spreadsheets; charting the potential precursors for a specific compound, then the different intermediates from them, and the various different routes from the intermediates and finally methods for reduction to the target compound.
This being the main spreadsheet, then there are to be separate ones for each intermediate, for example one for ketones, which would include for instance, ketoxime formation using hydroxylamine hydrochloride with sodium acetate to deprotonate it in-situ liberating the freebase NH2OH, which reacts to yield the ketoxime, followed by Bouveault-Blanc reduction of ketoxime to primary amine (one does this by dissolving the substrate ketoxime in RIGOROUSLY anhydrous ethanol, and then adds the calculated quantity of sodium metal, which previously has been cut up into little pellets, slowly, carefully, into a well-stirred flask supplied with an atmosphere of dry argon gas, which in my case I get from the welding supply store in disposable tanks and just bubble it through some concentrated sulfuric acid in a Dreschel bottle to scrub any remaining traces of water. The argon serves as an inert atmosphere to prevent any unpleasantness on the part of the sodium metal, which of course is well known for being rather feisty stuff)
And also, from the ketone, reductive amination methods, including aluminium amalgam made with Al foil and mercuric chloride, in various media, not a method I like due to the Hg and it's touchy ass nature generally. But Al/Hg plus either an alkylamine or a nitroalkane which is reduced to the alkylamine in-situ to reductively aminate the ketone and furnish a secondary N-alkylamine.
Likewise, forming an imine, with the amine and the ketone whilst simultaneously removing the formed water which would otherwise hydrolyze the imine; such as with molecular sieves, or the use of a Dean-Stark trap, and reduction of imine to secondary amine, AFAIK sodium borohydride ought to be able to reduce the imine,
Could get the ketone either by dry, pyrolytic destructive distillation of the calcium or the lead salt of an arylcarboxylic acid, or by running a Knoevanagel, a type of nitroaldol condensation, in the microwave, between the desired appropriate aldehyde and a nitroalkane, to give a nitroalkene. And this, if then reacted with a combination of fine iron powder, a catalytic quantity of ferric chloride hydrate, in either concentrated hydrochloric acid or glacial acetic acid at 80 'C for 3-4 hours, will furnish the desired ketone.
If the same acidic iron/ferric chloride reaction is used however, AFTER first reducing the nitroalkene produced by the Knoevanagel once that has finished being nuked in the microwave oven (sounds weird I know,but it works fantastic in the microwave) using sodium borohydride in four-sixfold excess with respect to the nitroalkene, it gets reduced to the nitroalkane, the excess borohyde being used in order to suppress a parasitic side reaction, namely Michael addition between the nitroalkene starting compound and the formed nitroalkane, the high quantity of NaBH4 used, along with adding the nitroalkene in solution into a solution of NaBH4 in isopropanol helps prevent the Michael addition and polymerization to tarry garbage, if this is done, one gets the nitroalkAne from the nitroalkEne, and then the same iron dust/ferric chloride/hot acid reaction reduces the nitroalkane to the corresponding end target option of the corresponding primary amine.
So I'm basically working on a summary of known routes, known starting precursors and from these, known intermediates, and what can then be done with said intermediates,eventually encompassing a separate spreadsheet for each intermediate, reaction conditions-sets and yields which accompany them when done at fr.ex different temperatures, for different times, various solvents, catalysts etc. so I can then use it as a reference to pick the best options for me according to what is available, what of the available techniques and materials is most desirable and expedient, and what adaptations with what yields I can expect.
As well as methods of making the different precursors and intermediates, and from what. Such as in one case, the aldehyde to nitroalkene route, if unable to purchase reagent grade materials, the essentials can be distilled from certain nail varnish strippers and a kind of paint stripper, along with a catalyst prepared from something extracted from a type of epoxy resin curing section and some acetic acid, plus a microwave oven.
Plus either manganese dioxide from batteries, or certain chromium based oxidant reagents such as the Collins, Jones, Etard or Sarett oxidations on the ingredient extracted from the paint stripper.
Thankfully though for me at least I both already have the reagent grade materials, and am able to purchase more if and when I end up needing them.
Been wanting to experiment with using a nanomaterial reduction catalyst, based on copper metal, produced in a super-fine state of division, a few tens of nanometers per particle at most, in combination with borohydride, in order to directly reduce the nitroalkane to the primary amine which is one of the desired targets.
Ah well...back I go, nose to the grindstone, no rest for the wicked as they say :heisenberg:
As I've got to do the spreadsheet set by hand, taking quite some time and effort.
Think I'll make myself a big steaming bowl of hot porridge, with salt, butter and brown sugar melted into it, then covered with brown sugar as a topping
and then get back to work.
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And hopefully, since I've just discovered a little test batch of one of those starting materials, the one that I'd make the intermediate upon which it would be put to use, I might even find the time, after fortifying myself with said big bowl of brown sugared porridge, a few lines of oxy and a hot cup of a rather nice white leaf tea, to prepare some copper nanoparticles and put the system to the test again.
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Just got to strip the metadata out of the files...then...
Here is a quick view and rundown of how I run melting point tests, one measure of purity for solid materials, as in the majority of cases, the admixture of a given substance with another substance, an impurity, often as not, depresses the melting point. The greater the degree of depression compared with either a known, published melting point, or else that of one which is first carefully recrystallized multiple times, and where possible, also vacuum distilled, cutting the fore-run off and putting that back in for re-purification, until one has both a sharp boiling point, or range of a couple of degrees 'C, and likewise, when it melts in a capillary tube, the melting point being nice and sharp is another good indicator that the purity is good.
And, running chromatography, either paper chromatography for initial coarser inspections, or for when things need the finer detail and more discerning eye, using thin layer chromatography plates, using multiple solvent systems to slowly push a mixed solvent front moving through a finely divided stationary phase bound to a backing such as metal foil or glass, and separate constituents of a mixture by virtue of their differing polarities, charges, molecular weight, affinity for the substrate and the solvent systems employed, causing them to move at different rates when contacted by the moving solvent front, and developed by means such as iodine fumes, reagent sprays which cause a color change like ninhydrin, some can be visualized via UV fluorescence, and of course others are coloured. Different spotting patterns tell one what is in there, and one can follow reactions in progress using TLC (thin layer chromatography) also.
Anyhow, this is a melting point test setup.
The piece of glassware that looks like a large boiling tube with a sideways-oriented V-shaped tube forming a triangle, is a Thiele tube. It's used by strapping a microcapillary sample tube containing a sample one wishes to test the melting point of to a thermometer, using something like a couple of little thin wire ties like the sort used for sandwich bags, etc., or an elastic band.
The Thiele tube is then filled with oil to a level that is above the height of the top arm of the sidearm tube and the thermometer placed in, so that the sample is around the middle of the V, which is present to ensure even and slow heating, the V itself being heated at the end, so that convection currents heat the oil evenly and steadily, so the melting point is obtained neatly and precisely.
The other photos show the filled, sealed sample tube. And unprepared tubes
The one with the rounded end is the prepared one about to be employed to run a test, one end fused closed with the flame of a torch, rotated between the fingers to avoid the glass bending, and after cooling, the open end dipped into the material to be tested, and poked down with a thin little flexible carbon fiber whisker, originally gotten off my old man, who got some for making floats, but found them not to his liking, so I've got some now which make fantastic sample tube pokers, as they are long, really thin and flexible, but tough. The internal diameter of the tube is only some 1-1.5mm at most, on the lower end is more like it.
A group of unprepared, empty tubes, unsealed, are shown also.
Just give me a few, to forensically sterilize the image files, remove GPS tagging data and the like and upload them to an image host, while I edit this in progress.
First-Thiele tube. This is a bit different to the usual, as mine has a ground-glass joint at the top, which is uncommon, but handy. For things like keeping the thermometer in place with a rubber bung with a hole drilled in it to accommodate the thermometer snugly or attaching other glassware. 24/40 joint size, same as most of my non-microscale glassware kit.
(https://i.postimg.cc/fbt0MKjG/imgonline-com-ua-dexif3-IWZo-Hxpq8o-H.jpg)
Second-filled microcapillary tube, after the bottom has been flame-sealed shut. I won't say in public what is in there, but as to the colour, yes, it is meant to be yellow.
(https://i.postimg.cc/sX5QhgLK/imgonline-com-ua-dexifvl-Wcgw-Xo4-Cl8.jpg)
Lastly-unused, unsealed tubes, length, 75mm, soda lime glass. Internal diameter hard to measure but about 1mm-1.25mm, 1.5mm at most.
(https://i.postimg.cc/xCkrxkQy/imgonline-com-ua-dexif6s-Mx-DNz4ez0m.jpg)
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I especially like that last picture, they're cool (and tiny!).
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TY Ren.
And they don't need to be large, in fact it's more advantageous that they aren't, that way, the same test can be carried out with just a few milligrams of material, that if a standard test tube (which would receive more uneven heating, unless perhaps were it to be done by immersing a tube within a tube, an inner, cold oil bath placed in a hot one, with the test tube holding the sample inside that, nested like russian dolls) were used, instead, would require hundreds of mg at least. Which isn't in the least desirable if the material is heat-sensitive, or decomposes upon melting, and all the more so if it's something that requires expensive precursors and reagents to create, and/or if it's something particularly biologically potent, that one either wouldn't want around in larger quantities due to the danger of accidentally poisoning oneself by contact with traces or otherwise coming under the influence of it in an un-intended way (just think about Albert Hoffman and his fortuitous discovery of LSD, that famous bicycle ride home...he was a meticulous synthetic chemist, working on ergot alkaloids, in the hope of discovering derivatives with oxytocic (uterine-contraction-inducing/cervix-dilating effects) properties. It just so happened that one of them, LSD-25, the 25th in a series of creations, was extraordinarily potent, and that even with his great care; he came into contact with a tiny trace, perhaps a speck of dust loosed into the atmosphere during weighing, or putting it into a bottle, maybe taking a glove off with a tiny amount on it, absorbed through his skin or traces finding their way to fingers which contacted something he ate or drank after, who knows, he probably never did, that was enough to cause a moderate acid trip, the first one in history, that was subtle, due to the tiny amount he absorbed even despite due diligence, but he noticed the effects on his perceptions during the famous bike ride back home from work, and it gave him some sort of intuition about it, to revisit i and examine the otherwise unpromising compound in further detail)
That turned out benign, and for the betterment of mankind, but had he been the discoverer of one of the ultrapotent etorphine or fentanyl pattern opioids, what would be a bare threshold dose of LSD, say 25-30 micrograms would have killed him many times over, fentanyl itself being about 100 times the potency of morphine, and the most potent of the series, one of the analogs of ohmefentanyl, the most potent of it's stereoisomers has a derivative which is around 30,000 times as potent by weight. Fentanyl itself is already capable of killing somebody by absorption of a minute particle far too tiny to see save perhaps with a very good microscope in the right situation, set up to look right at it, thats a 100-fold increase in potency compared to morphine (the baseline standard by which all opioids of the Mu-opioid receptor ligand type are measured), and compared to that compound, a fluorinated analog of beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl, the most potent of it's stereoisomers, it's still like comparing a nettle sting to an armor-piercing/explosive/incendiary special purpose .50 caliber BMG heavy sniper rifle round. It wouldn't be enough to just have killed him, but probably have taken anyone that did an autopsy on him with him to the grave, hell, possibly enough to knock off the people who autopsied the pathologists, and anyone stupid enough to dissect them too, just from skin contact with a stray droplet of blood.
Although I personally, have a great dislike for fentanyl producers and producers of it's relatives and similar ultrapotent opioids outside of actual highly controlled neuropharmacology research, it's irresponsible, stupid and panders to the nastiest, greediest elements connected to clandestine chemistry, gives people like me a bad name by association. And I won't work for people who ask that kind of job done by me, doesn't matter the pay, I just won't do it. Not only because I personally, want to keep on living (weight for weight, unmodified fentanyl still requires a smaller dose, by far, than VX nerve agent to kill someone non tolerant to opioids, dermal exposure or inhalational exposure to VX requires about 10mg for a 50% kill chance, of a 70kg adult male human, the lowest dose fentanyl patches, IIRC, deliver 25 micrograms PER HOUR (that said, if one of the two was going to be what eventually means my exiting this world on a permanent basis, I know which it'd be if I had a say in the matter :autism:, and with a tolerance, admittedly, I have tried those patches and I found them to be fucking awful at that dose, GP tried me on the patches once, and I didn't even last a full day. Worked out in the end for me well enough, as I had picked up the oxycontin 80 script I was using at the time for pain control on the monday of that week, had a consultation with the GP the next day, where she suggested I try fentanyl patches, I agreed, only to find out wearing one wasn't even enough to prevent me withdrawing, and went back the next day to ask that I be changed back to how things were. Didn't expect to have anything actually different done that day, just go back next week, as I'd already picked the oxy up on monday, but the wednesday I went in to complain because I was both withdrawing if using as prescribed (ended up having to extract and shoot the contents of the patches to get through that day, although could have used the oxy. And found out that I just hate fentanyl full stop, it's bland, sod all rush on IV, cold, clinical, boring and generally....just...meh...ick....) but she said sure, I'll switch you back, ended up printing another entire script right there and then, as if I'd not gotten one two days previously. THAT was a fun week. They didn't ask for the patches back either. So just used small amounts to potentiate the oxy. Got absolutely shitface wasted for the week using what was basically a free script and a few fent patches chucked in to boost the effects with, which it did at least, not completely suck at.)
But working on a small scale for analysis is better in every way. You need less for the samples to test, you waste less material, and if something is either highly potent or else highly poisonous, there is less risk to the chemist. And for the melting point determination, it means being able to keep it confined within a thin column and see it the moment it begins to 'sweat', that is to say, when a substance starts to develop a sheen, looks like moisture on the surface of the crystals or powder, resin or whatever else it might be, that can give further assistance to assaying the purity, under the magnifying glass.
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Anyone know any good hosts for large videos? it's going to be just under 100mb, most likely, once converted from .mov to .mp4
As for latest projects, I think I just found one.
And thinking...I am getting SO pissed off with my doctor.
Basically the problem is, I want to get on a specific med, memantine, for a lesser known use (actually it does a whole bunch of useful things, ), really fixes my executive issues, overloading, and does a pretty damn thorough number on opiate tolerance, lowers existing tolerance, slows development of further tolerance, and more or less eliminates both the psychological reinforcing effects, and either stops or drastically lowers physical withdrawal effects)
The doc in question is a decent guy, and after I showed him and explained a few journal articles on the stuff, and my past personal experience with it, he's up for the idea, but there seem to be two problems, one-he's forgetful and two, seems like some kind of approval from some sort of specialist is needed for the off-label use. And since it's taken me several years even to get the GP to agree, and despite keeping reminding him, he either forgets, or whoever has to sign off on it either forgets, can't be arsed or never got the message (since I assume an outright refusal would be communicated to me) I've been waiting..fucking hell, I can't even remember. A good long portion of last year, at the very least.
So, decided to say 'fuck it', and make the stuff. Just been doing some digging, and found a rather useful journal article, plus plenty of chinese suppliers for the starting material they used, 1,3-dimethyladamantane, followed by bromination and a rearrangement to 3,5-dimethyladamantane, conversion to the acetamide followed by reflux in acetonitrile (methyl cyanide, a polar aprotic solvent with, unlike many other polar aprotics, a decently low boiling point, making it easier to strip off after) containing either sulfuric or phosphoric acid. But apparently the yields are not too good for large-scale synthesis.
But it involves a 6 hour reflux with LARGE quantities of bromine, not the nicest sort of task to have to undertake, as bromine is volatile, corrosive (I have some I made a while back from sodium bromide, by passing chlorine gas through a saturated NaBr aqueous solution, and distilling off the side product, bromine monochloride, although it was on a relatively small scale, ounces of Br2. And I DON'T want to have to do that on a scale fit to provide the liters of Br2 that I'd need for the scale I want to work at [about 1kg to begin with, that way, I can tell my doc 'sod the waiting, got enough for the next 10 years or so, as I'm tired of being fucked about and kept hanging', besides, thats the minimum order of most of the companies I'd have to get the precursor from]. Producing that much Br2 would be a real shitter of a job. I could do it, no doubt about that, but the byproduct, the BrCl is NASTY stuff, a golden yellow gas, quite a nice looking colour actually, but it's war-gas level toxic and most lubricants for glassware joints would be destroyed by it. I've still got two condensers and a flask fused together, from distilling iodine monochloride, ICl being a volatile liquid.
AFAIK BrCl is more hazardous than iodine monochloride, and being gaseous, rather than a distillable liquid that can be stored [I've got some in my hazmat fridge, and the ONLY way I'm able to store it, is in glass bottles that have a teflon cap, with a flexible teflon seal underneath, which compresses when the cap is tightened to prevent the vapours escaping, and wrapping the screw-threads on the bottle in a thick layer of teflon tape] And whilst the small amount of BrCl produced during the bromine synthesis was easily disposed of, I don't want to have to deal with it on a production-level scale, because fuck me, the interhalogens are all reactive as hell, viciously corrosive to pretty much anything they can't set on fire/cause to violently explode, including most greases/lubricants, water-reactive devils to handle, and toxic as blazes. I had an accident, once, with the friendlier relative, ICl, after the gas mask I was wearing slipped the non-return valve, causing it to just pull in the ambient atmosphere, I detected a very faint halogen-like odour, somewhat like iodine, but different in it's own way, not at a concentration that caused any immediate coughing or irritation (something like chlorine or bromine fumes have enough warning properties that if someone has a choice, and assuming it isn't some huge industrial spill big enough to incapacitate someone straight away, that one will instinctively back off. The ICl didn't, not at the levels I was exposed to, which amounted to tiny traces diffusing through the silicone based lubricant I managed to find that would survive the stuff, and the minuscule gaps between the ground glass surfaces of the joints. Could just barely smell it, got one little whiff of extremely dilute ICl vapour and ran like hell.
Hours later, I could barely breathe, wheezing, choking, spent the next week and a bit using an asthma inhaler I got scripted. Was a close one, could easily have put me in hospital had I not run for it, knowing the toxicity of the stuff. Or had there been any larger concentration when the mask broke, it could well have killed me. Stuff eats plastics other than teflon and similar resistant fluoropolymers like nobody's business, I tried using plastic keck clips at first during a distillation of ICl, to secure the ground glass joints, and they lasted maybe 10-15 minutes before crumbling, cracking and falling to pieces. Stainless steel ones fared a little better, somewhat less than 24 hours. BrCl isn't nearly so tame and liquefying it for storage isn't an option I'm willing to try, as it boils at 5 'C, and being so unholy corrosive, I'm no way trying to pressurize it in a cylinder, as it'd doubtless eat through it and explode, releasing a fucking crapload of lethal gas into the neighborhood.
Reactive isn't even the word when dealing with interhalogens, I've read some downright scary things about the fluorinated ones, such as a spill of chlorine trifluoride burning (and I don't mean melting/corroding, I mean actually causing it to burst into flames) through three feet of concrete, then setting about a meter of gravel and earth ablaze before it finally burnt itself out)
But the same paper details a route with much higher yields, they still start with the same precursor and rearrange to a 3,5-dimethyladamantane skeleton, via bromination, but I've found some more suppliers that actually have the required 3,5-dimethyladamantanyl-1-bromide in stock, and that a high-yielding two-step process can be used to prepare memantine, first step being refluxing with formamide, then refluxing the formamido derivative of the intermediate in concentrated hydrochloric acid. Yields are apparently almost quantitative for the formamido intermediate, and they got a 74% yield of the end product.
Looks like it'll cost a minimum of £100 for the 3,5-dimethyl-1-bromoadamantane for 1kg, but with the improved process, I'd put that down as worth it. Will give me a good reason to put my relatively new 10-liter 4-neck round bottom flask to use.
Shouldn't even need to buy the formamide, well, I'll be able to test the reaction, certainly, on a smaller scale, then scale up (in this case, surprisingly, it'd be the formamide that'll prove my limiting reagents, at 100 quid a kilo for the 3,5-dimethyl-1-bromoadamantane. It can be produced by careful thermal decomposition (overheating, past 150 'C will decompose the formamide produced into a pretty unpleasant witch's brew of ammonia, carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide) of ammonium formate. Something I happen to have on the way, actually, although can produce more with ease now the 85% formic acid has arrived (just mix garden fertilizer, lye (ammonia evolution and lots of it on initiation of the reaction with a little water, water being added slowly from an addition funnel) to prepare a gas generator. Ideally to produce a concentrated solution of formamide, and strip the water under vacuum.
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Short version: What I'm cooking Julia Child wouldn't approve of.
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What's the likelihood of Boris Johnson being Donald Trump's Doppelganger?
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It's now been over a year since he's been here.
Either he got bored of this place or something bad happened.
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He was also absent for over a year 9/2014-2/2016. http://www.intensitysquared.com/index.php/topic,17693.msg1101733.html#msg1101733
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Lestat lives a dangerous lifestyle on multiple levels. It isn't surprising that negative conclusions are tentatively drawn over a sudden 12 month absence.
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(https://www.reactiongifs.us/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/tenor.gif)
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It's now been over a year since he's been here.
Either he got bored of this place or something bad happened.
No shit, Sherlock.